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<channel>
	<title>pcr &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/pcr/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "pcr"</description>
	<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jul 2008 14:33:14 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

<item>
<title><![CDATA[Legend of the PCR]]></title>
<link>http://transientreporter.wordpress.com/?p=241</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2008 02:46:58 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>transientreporter</dc:creator>
<guid>http://transientreporter.wordpress.com/?p=241</guid>
<description><![CDATA[From my old blog:

(photo: evilutionarybiologist.blogspot.com)
John Dennehy has a post on the very p]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>From my old blog:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://transientreporter.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/primitive_pcr_machine_for_scrap.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-242 aligncenter" src="http://transientreporter.wordpress.com/files/2008/06/primitive_pcr_machine_for_scrap.jpg" alt="" width="355" height="400" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">(photo: evilutionarybiologist.blogspot.com)</p>
<p>John Dennehy has a <a href="http://evilutionarybiologist.blogspot.com/2008/03/this-weeks-citation-classic.html">post</a> on the very powerful, and now-ubiquitous, technique known as the polymerase chain reaction.</p>
<p>I left a comment on his blog, asking him to settle a few questions. Namely:</p>
<p>1) Did Mullis come up with the technique itself, or merely the use of Taq polymerase?</p>
<p>2) Was he actually on LSD when he came up with whatever he came up with, or is this one of those urban legends grad students tell each other as they wait for their thermocycler to ramp down to 4C and ∞?</p>
<p>3) I remember hearing that during the first manifestation of the PCR - the sort of thing shown in the picture - a thermolabile polymerase was NOT used, and someone actually had to replenish the reaction with fresh polymerase after each denaturation step. Was this true, and how does it relate to (1)?</p>
<p>Dennehy responds:</p>
<blockquote><p>1. Its clear that Mullis did not "invent" PCR because that was mostly due to work done by late Kjell Kleppe, a Norwegian scientist working at Nobel Laureate H. Gobind Khorana's famous Institute for Enzyme Research at University of Wisconsin from 1968 to 1970. He presented his results at a Gordon Conf. and published in JMB in 1971. I think Mullis should be credited with "refining" the technique in addition to the idea of TAQ. How much of this can be credited to his Cetus colleagues is debatable and probably will never be known for sure.</p>
<p>2. In a Q&#38;A interview published in the September 1994 issue of California Monthly, Mullis said, "Back in the 1960s and early '70s I took plenty of LSD. A lot of people were doing that in Berkeley back then. And I found it to be a mind-opening experience. It was certainly much more important than any courses I ever took." During a symposium held for centenarian Albert Hofmann, Hofmann revealed that he was told by Nobel-prize-winning chemist Kary Mullis that LSD had helped him develop the polymerase chain reaction that helps amplify specific DNA sequences. I'm not sure this means that Mullis was tripping when he came up with PCR, but may have found "inspiration" for the idea, whatever that means.</p>
<p>3. Yes it's true. That's essentially what Kleppe did, but the technique did not catch on since you had to add more polymerase after each round.</p></blockquote>
<p>Speaking of PCR, all you hardcore aficionados may also appreciate this little number:</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/x5yPkxCLads'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/x5yPkxCLads&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>In case you're too young to remember, they are parodying this:</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/Jcrwu6WGoMs'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/Jcrwu6WGoMs&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>In case you're interested, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3dPV0FQOaI&#38;feature=related">here</a> is a "behind the scenes" video.</p>
<p>There's now a whole bunch of knockoff lipsync videos out there now.  Check <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayDmcxW4WxE">here</a>, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1hSPPcjUw8&#38;feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1hSPPcjUw8&#38;feature=related">here</a> and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3OUziuSKuY&#38;feature=related">here</a>.</p>
<p>Sad...</p>
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</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[La izquierda inmaculada]]></title>
<link>http://elblogdemunsel.wordpress.com/?p=28</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Jun 2008 04:22:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Munsel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://elblogdemunsel.wordpress.com/?p=28</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hace un tiempo a esa izquierda del &#8220;ni&#8221;, como alguien la denomina, yo la llamé la izqui]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hace un tiempo a esa izquierda del "ni", como alguien la denomina, yo la llamé la izquierda inmaculada. Es la izquierda que por temor a contaminarse (de pobres? de peronistas?) se desmoviliza y llama a la inacción. En realidad son coherentes, tienen miedo que la garantía después no le sirva, entonces siguen el manual de instrucciones hasta los puntos y comas. Es algo así como : "Ah...no esta Lenin? Entonces yo no hago ninguna revolución", o "no, no es situación revolucionaria porque el número de obreros involucrados no es suficiente, faltan al menos cuatro más para eso", en realidad no quieren cambiar nada, no quieren mancharse de peronismo, que no sale más, ni siquiera con quitamanchas. La revolución pasa por la masa peronista, los desclasados, los pobres, los miserables que aceptan el choripan porque el que se lo da es del mismo palo y no un joven pequeño burgues universitario que todo el tiempo se la pasa consultando el manual de instrucciones. La izquierda se tiene que relajar, no estar tan crispada por D'Elia, que sintetiza la dialéctica de clase "odio a los blanquitos de barrio norte". Sí, es un impresentable, proto-fascista, pero la izquierda del "ni", la inmaculada, les dejó en bandeja a los trabajadores y a los pobres. Es hora de crear un gran Frente Unico Antiimperialista con todos los sectores que se oponen a los sojeros vestidos en La Martina. El que se hace el distraído se jode, y los trabajadores se lo van a cobrar, ahora o mas adelante.</p>
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</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[PCR Song]]></title>
<link>http://richmondschoolbiology.wordpress.com/?p=42</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jun 2008 17:49:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>richmondschoolbiology</dc:creator>
<guid>http://richmondschoolbiology.wordpress.com/?p=42</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I like PCR (part of Unit 5). But clearly not as much as these guys!
The PCR Song

There was a time w]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I like PCR (part of Unit 5). But clearly not as much as these guys!</p>
<p><a href="http://bio-rad.cnpg.com/lsca/videos/ScientistsForBetterPCR/" target="_blank"><strong>The PCR Song</strong></a></p>
<p><a href="http://bio-rad.cnpg.com/lsca/videos/ScientistsForBetterPCR/" target="_blank"><img src="http://richmondschoolbiology.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/picture1.png" alt="PCR Song" width="440" height="330" /></a><br />
There was a time when to amplify DNA.<br />
You had to grow tons and tons of tiny cells.<br />
Then along came a guy named Dr. Kary Mullis,<br />
Said you can amplify in vitro just as well.<br />
Just mix your template with a buffer and some primers,<br />
Nucleotides and polymerases, too.<br />
Denaturing, annealing, and extending.<br />
Well it’s amazing what heating and cooling and heating will do.<br />
PCR, when you need to detect mutations.<br />
PCR, when you need to recombine.<br />
PCR, when you need to find out who the daddy is.<br />
PCR, when you need to solve a crime.<br />
(repeat chorus)</p>
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</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Apel pentru casarea sentintelor politice]]></title>
<link>http://21decembrie.wordpress.com/?p=59</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 31 May 2008 12:54:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Romulus Cristea</dc:creator>
<guid>http://21decembrie.wordpress.com/?p=59</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Un apel pentru casarea tuturor sentintelor politice pronuntate de tribunalele din Romania in perioa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://romuluscristea.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/art_123491_1.jpg"><img src="http://romuluscristea.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/art_123491_1.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="300" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-270" /></a></p>
<p>Un apel pentru casarea tuturor sentintelor politice pronuntate de tribunalele din Romania in perioada comunista a fost postat pe Web. Apelul este redactat de istoricul Andrea Varga, din Ungaria, realizatoarea expozitiei itinerante "Printre randuri". Ea subliniaza ca acest demers este cu totul in afara politicii.</p>
<p>Apelul poate fi accesat - si semnat - la adresa: </p>
<p><a href="http://www.lorinc.com/sign/">http://www.lorinc.com/sign/</a></p>
<p>Reamintim ca Romania este singura tara europeana fosta comunista unde un mare numar de luptatori anticomunisti raman, in acte, inclusiv in cazier, persoane care au incalcat in mod criminal legile Statului. Ale aceluiasi stat  care, cu autoritatea celei mai inalte demnitati, aceea de Presedinte, a condamnat crimele comunismului, impotriva caruia s-au ridicat acesti oameni.<br />
Foto: <a href="http://www.romanialibera.ro">Romania libera</a><br />
<a href="http://www.romanialibera.ro/a123491/apel-pentru-casarea-sentintelor-politice.html">Romania libera online</a></p>
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</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Apel pentru casarea sentintelor politice]]></title>
<link>http://romuluscristea.wordpress.com/?p=269</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2008 21:38:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Romulus Cristea</dc:creator>
<guid>http://romuluscristea.wordpress.com/?p=269</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Un apel pentru casarea tuturor sentintelor politice pronuntate de tribunalele din Romania in perioa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://romuluscristea.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/art_123491_1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-270" src="http://romuluscristea.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/art_123491_1.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>Un apel pentru casarea tuturor sentintelor politice pronuntate de tribunalele din Romania in perioada comunista a fost postat pe Web. Apelul este redactat de istoricul Andrea Varga, din Ungaria, realizatoarea expozitiei itinerante "Printre randuri". Ea subliniaza ca acest demers este cu totul in afara politicii.</p>
<p>Apelul poate fi accesat - si semnat - la adresa:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.lorinc.com/sign/">http://www.lorinc.com/sign/</a></p>
<p>Reamintim ca Romania este singura tara europeana fosta comunista unde un mare numar de luptatori anticomunisti raman, in acte, inclusiv in cazier, persoane care au incalcat in mod criminal legile Statului. Ale aceluiasi stat care, cu autoritatea celei mai inalte demnitati, aceea de Presedinte, a condamnat crimele comunismului, impotriva caruia s-au ridicat acesti oameni.<br />
Foto: <a href="http://www.romanialibera.ro">Romania libera</a><br />
<a href="http://www.romanialibera.ro/a123491/apel-pentru-casarea-sentintelor-politice.html">Romania libera online</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[SMS from PDL, PSD, PCR, PIN, PNG, PNL]]></title>
<link>http://baiamare.wordpress.com/?p=38</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 16:53:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>baiamare</dc:creator>
<guid>http://baiamare.wordpress.com/?p=38</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Disperat PSD lanseaza mesaje false. Nu crede nimic si da mai departe acest mesaj. Multumiri PDL.
Eu ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>Disperat PSD lanseaza mesaje false. Nu crede nimic si da mai departe acest mesaj. Multumiri PDL.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Eu chiar nu cred nimic. Eu nici macar nu cred ca o sa-mi consum banii ca sa dau mai departe. Eu nu cred ca mai pot tolera SMS-urile nesolicitate pe care le primesc de la voi, din orice partid ati fi. Eu nu cred ca puteti Sa Ma Sugeti (SMS) toti deodata si sa-mi iasa atata sloboz incat sa va pot umple pe toti intre ochi. Oricum, eu nu cred ca m-as putea murdari la pula de la gurile voastre.</strong> Multumesc,</p>
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</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Brucan şi Securitatea]]></title>
<link>http://bataiosu.wordpress.com/?p=757</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2008 15:53:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>bătăiosu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://bataiosu.wordpress.com/?p=757</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dosarul de Securitate al lui Silviu Brucan, pe care şi l-a obţinut încă din 1990, arată că rel]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Dosarul de Securitate al lui Silviu Brucan, pe care şi l-a obţinut încă din 1990, arată că relaţia acestuia cu serviciile secrete a oscilat mereu între colaborare şi opoziţie.</em></p>
<div style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://media2.gruprc.ro/photo/052008/85f7b5b52002a133db4c5b8f2319f257.jpg" alt="" /></div>
<p>Nu mai puţin de 10 direcţii şi unităţi speciale ale Securităţii l-au avut în „grijă“ de-a lungul unui sfert de secol pe Silviu Brucan. Stalinist convins şi unul dintre cei mai militanţi ziarişti ai „Scânteii“ la sfîrşitul anilor ’40, Silviu Brucan are un vast dosar de Securitate deschis în 1966 şi la care, până în 1989, s-au adunat sute de pagini de rapoarte şi planuri de măsuri ale ofiţerilor, precum şi note informative semnate de acesta cu numele său real în clar.</p>
<p>La începutul anului 1990, dosarul său a făcut parte dintr-un lot ce a fost trimis la Fabrica de hârtie de la Scăieni, lângă Ploieşti, pentru a fi ars. Un muncitor l-a salvat şi i l-a dus lui Silviu Brucan, care a publicat câteva documente în revista „Expres Magazin“. Povestea recuperării dosarului său a fost considerată necredibilă în epocă. Istoricul Radu Ioanid, care a obţinut acordul ginerelui lui Brucan de a publica dosarul integral într-un volum, a descoperit însă un document ce arată nu doar că varianta lui Brucan era adevărată, cât şi faptul că celebra acţiune de la Berevoieşti, de ardere a dosarelor Securităţii, nu a fost singura.</p>
<p>Într-o scrisoare intitulată „notă informativă“, adresată pe 5 aprilie 1990 de către Silviu Brucan generalului Mihai Chiţac, acesta descrie cum şi-a recuperat dosarul: „S-a prezentat la mine cetăţeanul … din Ploieşti, care mi-a adus dosarele S. Brucan şi Dan Deşliu de la Securitate, plus Fişa lui Ion Puiu (toate arse parţial) şi mi-a relatat următoarele: În ziua de 12 ianuarie 1990 au sosit la Ploieşti, venind din Bucureşti, două maşini pline cu documente de Securitate care urmau să fie arse şi distruse.</p>
<p>Aceste documente au fost arse la Fabrica de hârtie Scăieni în aceeaşi zi de 12 ianuarie, în prezenţa următorilor ofiţeri de poliţie. (…) Aceştia au procedat la arderea documentelor, din care cetăţeanul a salvat numai dosarele sus-menţionate. (…) Şeful celor doi ar fi colonelul Cireşeanu, locţiitorul comandantului Poliţiei Ploieşti, care, aflând că a asistat… la arderea dosarelor, l-a chemat la el şi l-a ameninţat grav în cazul în care ar relata cele întâmplate“, scria fondatorul FSN ministrului de Interne de atunci, cerându-i să ancheteze cazul: „Vreau să subliniez că eu consider arderea acestor dosare extrem de gravă şi dacă nu se anchetează serios intenţionez să scriu în presa noastră despre ea“, încheia ameninţător Silviu Brucan. Operaţiunea de la Scăieni a rămas necunoscută până astăzi, însă istoricul Radu Ioanid, editorul cărţii „Dosarul Brucan“, apărută la Editura Polirom şi a cărei lansare a avut loc ieri, consideră că era un loc ce mai fusese folosit pentru asemenea operaţiuni.</p>
<p>Documentele arse în ianuarie 1990 la Scăieni, susţine istoricul, proveneau fie de la Direcţia a VI-a de Cercetări Penale, unde Brucan a fost supus în 1989 la 52 de interogatorii, ca urmare a „scrisorii celor şase“, fie de la Direcţia a III-a de Contraspionaj, care deschisese dosarul lui Brucan, formal unul de urmărire, dar care conţine şi notele sale informative date Securităţii.</p>
<p>Dosarul de Securitate al lui Brucan, al cărui original a fost donat Muzeului Holocaustului din Washington, arată că, în 1967, Securitatea şi-a propus să-l racoleze „ca agent pe linia spionajului SUA“, după ce, în prealabil, fusese urmărit. „La baza acţiunii au stat trei scrisori anonime expediate de acesta către redacţiile ziarelor «New York Times», «New York Herald Tribune» şi «Washington Post» din SUA. În scrisori, Brucan s-a substituit cetăţean străin, folosindu-se de numele Irving Sutton, manifestându-şi nemulţumirea că a fost schimbat din funcţia de vicepreşedinte al televiziunii şi făcând unele afirmaţii negative cu privire la politica RSR în problema minorităţii naţionale evreieşti.</p>
<p>Scrisorile au fost confiscate şi nu au plecat la destinaţie“, descriau ofiţerii premisele urmăririi lui Brucan, pentru a concluziona în acelaşi raport: „În timpul supravegherii informative nu s-a constatat nici o faptă care să arate că Brucan Silviu ar fi un element duşmănos sau că ar fi fost recrutat de un serviciu de spionaj. Prin verificări s-a stabilit că are multiple posibilităţi informative, deoarece cunoaşte foarte mulţi ziarişti americani, englezi, scriitori, diplomaţi, precum şi alte categorii de elemente. Având în vedere posibilităţile relatate mai sus, precum şi calităţile sale, propunem a se aproba recrutarea lui Brucan Silviu după ce vom obţine aprobarea organelor de partid. (…) Întâlnirile cu el vor fi efectuate în casele de întâlniri“.</p>
<p>Raportul este avizat, ca primă semnătură, de celebrul şef al Direcţiei a II-a, colonelul Neagu Cosma. Dosarul nu cuprinde nici un angajament al lui Silviu Brucan şi nici o notă informativă dată cu vreunul dintre cele cinci nume de cod ce i-au fost atribuite de-a lungul vremii de către ofiţeri: Brumaru, ca obiectiv, în perioada ’66-’67, Barbu, ca sursă a Contraspionajului, în 1977, Sergiu, Bran şi Bratu, ca urmărit în 1987-1989. „Este posibil ca, datorită faptului că era membru al nomenclaturii, angajamentul să nu fi fost necesar în cazul său“, crede Radu Ioanid.</p>
<p>Rapoartele amănunţite în urma unei vizite în SUA în 1977 arată că acesta şi-a îndeplinit cu sârguinţă sarcinile trasate în prealabil de Securitate, având rolul unui agent de influenţă. „I-am întrebat: ce este mai important pentru SUA, politica independentă a României sau diferenţele minime care există în regimul intern al ţărilor est-europene? Au răspuns că se vor gândi la aceasta şi m-au întrebat dacă articolul meu, publicat anul trecut în «New York Times», mi-a cauzat neplăceri acasă. Le-am răspuns negativ şi cea mai bună dovadă este că sunt acum aici, la masă cu voi“, relata, de exemplu, în legătură cu o întâlnire cu prieteni din conducerea NYT.</p>
<p>Anul 1977 este, de altfel, cel mai productiv pentru colaborarea lui Silviu Brucan. Este anul protestului lui Paul Goma şi al arestării lui Vlad Georgescu, pe atunci cercetător la Institutul de Istorie, despre care a avut sarcina să răspândească peste hotare o variantă edulcorată. „Am intervenit masiv şi am făcut istoria cazului Goma. Este adevărat că a fost închis şi că a suferit, dar după ce a fost eliberat a avut posibilităţi rare de a se manifesta, de a pleca în străinătate şi, deci, acum are paşaport în buzunar, ceea ce puţini scriitori se pot lăuda a avea.</p>
<p>În realitate, este lipsit de talent literar, iar în ţară este complet necunoscut. El a fost lansat în Occident din prostia autorităţilor române, care la început au intervenit la editura germană să nu-i publice manuscrisul. (…) Nici că se putea o mai bună publicitate pentru a-l lansa pe Goma în Occident“, relata Brucan în urma unei întâlniri la Ambasada SUA de la Moscova. În ce-l priveşte pe Vlad Georgescu, Brucan a făcut mai mult decât să dea o notă. Cu aprobarea lui Ceauşescu, el s-a întâlnit cu ambasadorul american Harry Barnes pentru a încerca să recupereze manuscrisul cărţii critice despre regimul comunist, pe care Georgescu îl dăduse ambasadei şi pentru care fusese arestat. Tentativa lui Brucan a eşuat.</p>
<p><strong>O carieră tumultuoasă </strong></p>
<p>N~scut În 1916 în Bucureşti, ca fiu al unui negustor evreu, şi-a început cariera de ziarist la „Gazeta de seară“, înainte de război. Pe numele său real Saul Brucar (sau Brukner cum apare în documentele Securităţii), se înscrie în Partidul Comunist în 1944, căsătorindu-se cu ilegalista, pe atunci, Alexandra Sidorovici, ce a devenit după război acuzator în Tribunalul Poporului. El devine după război redactor la „Scânteia“, unde a scris texte virulente împotriva unor personaje precum Iuliu Maniu, Gheorghe Brătianu, Pamfil Şeicaru etc.</p>
<p>În virtutea apropierii de Dej, în 1956 a ajuns şef al Legaţiei române de la Washington şi apoi ambasador la ONU. Întors în ţară în 1962, este numit directorul televiziunii, funcţie din care a demisionat la puţin timp după instalarea la putere a lui Ceauşescu. S-a pensionat în 1978, din funcţia de profesor de socialism ştiinţific la IMF. În deceniul ce a urmat a început să devină critic la adresa regimului, mai cu seamă după revolta din 1987 de la Braşov. Scapă însă fără repercusiuni majore, iar în 1988 este trimis în SUA cu speranţa autorităţilor că va rămâne acolo.</p>
<p>Se întoarce însă şi, la începutul lui 1989, lansează, alături de alţi cinci comunişti ce deţinuseră funcţii importante, o scrisoare deschisă lui Ceauşescu prin care critică starea societăţii româneşti şi în special nerespectarea drepturilor omului. Ca urmare, în perioada aprilie-mai 1989 este interogat de 52 de ori în 57 de zile, sfârşind, ca şi ceilalţi semnatari, în domicilii obligatorii în afara Bucureştiului. Multe dintre documentele din dosarul său se referă la această perioadă. În decembrie 1989 a revenit ca unul dintre liderii noii puteri, spunându-se că a avut un rol major în decizia de a executa cuplul Ceauşescu. Rapid, se distanţează de FSN, retrăgându-se în februarie 1990.</p>
<p>sursa: <a href="http://cotidianul.ro/brucan_si_securitatea_dragoste_si_ura-46493.html">Cotidianul</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Bio RAD!]]></title>
<link>http://countingbeans.wordpress.com/?p=330</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 15:30:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Terrance</dc:creator>
<guid>http://countingbeans.wordpress.com/?p=330</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
After posting about the sheer awesomeness of accountants and their profession I thought it only fai]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-331 aligncenter" src="http://countingbeans.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/colony-pcr-petbl21-p1-5-h1-51-5-2008-05-15-14hr-15min.jpg?w=250" alt="" width="250" height="185" /></p>
<p>After posting about the sheer awesomeness of accountants and their profession I thought it only fair to focus on some more boring professions.  Take biochemists for example, they're pale and dull people who spend their entire days hunched over bunsen burners frantically trying to make up stuff about the blurry specs they see on their screens.  I mean, look at the extremely dull gel pictured at the top of this post.  Is there any way that actually means anything?  Its clearly something that even a two year old could make up in 5 seconds flat.  Though be sure not to tell them that to their face because then you'll see the chemicals fly and in my humble opinion, anyone who has a large stock of cyanide near at hand should be treated very carefully ;)</p>
<p>So remember kids, rather strive to become an exciting accountant and not a boring, dull biochemist.  after all, who wants to look at the very matter of life when you could rather look at spreadsheets and numbers every single day for the rest of your life? :D</p>
<p>And to add insult to injury, look at their attempt to be 'cool' with <em>The PCR Song</em> ;)</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/7uafUVNkuzg'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/7uafUVNkuzg&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Video on Children's Corneal Reshaping]]></title>
<link>http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/?p=105</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 19 May 2008 01:16:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>brighteyesnews</dc:creator>
<guid>http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/?p=105</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While people are now learning about Corneal Reshaping, or Orthokeratology, here in the United States]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While people are now learning about Corneal Reshaping, or Orthokeratology, here in the United States, it has been very popular in Asia for quite some time. This is due to the fact that there is a very high prevalence of myopia in many Asian countries and corneal reshaping has been shown to not only temporarily eliminate nearsightedness, but can also reduce its progression.</p>
<p>This 7 minute video was made in Asia, so there is little English, but it does demonstrate how well two young girls do with the reshaping lenses. One girl is quite young and gets help from her parents. Another girl is perhaps 8 or 9 years old and demonstrates how well she handles the lenses by herself.</p>
<p><span style="display:block;width:425px;margin:0 auto;"><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/URkDyNDMnsQ'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/URkDyNDMnsQ&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Spy watch for insta-DNA testing?]]></title>
<link>http://parallelnormal.wordpress.com/?p=407</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2008 14:58:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mark Baard</dc:creator>
<guid>http://parallelnormal.wordpress.com/?p=407</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Parallelnormal is back on-line after a recent &#8220;health scare.&#8221; Please keep your comments ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Parallelnormal is back on-line after a recent "health scare." Please keep your comments and feedback coming! -- mb</em></p>
<p>Scientists in authoritarian-ruled Singapore say they've developed a DNA identification assay-on-a-chip that also preps a drop of blood for sampling. This means any one of us might be just a pinprick away from being instantly Identified as a threat. (The watch, below, is one possible form-factor for the DNA tester.)</p>
<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/26737/home/press/200817press.gif" alt="Wiley" /></p>
<p>From the <a href="http://www.ibn.a-star.edu.sg/research_areas_04_details.php?id=103">Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology:</a></p>
<p>...a rapid test for genetic diagnosis that combines the preparation of biological samples with a polymerase chain reaction PCR on one chip. As they report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, the “laboratory device” for all steps in this system is a single drop containing magnetic nanoparticles, which is moved across the chip by a magnetic field.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Mes Reactions en Chaîne]]></title>
<link>http://vacarisses.wordpress.com/?p=75</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2008 11:01:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>eartells</dc:creator>
<guid>http://vacarisses.wordpress.com/?p=75</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dans un de mes derniers post j&#8217;ai expliqué un peu n&#8217;importe comment ce que je fais pour]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dans un de mes derniers post j'ai expliqué un peu n'importe comment ce que je fais pour commencer un clonage de proteines. Depuis ce jour, j'ai reçu plusieures questions qui m'ont permis de voir que le niveau était un peu trop haut pour la plus part des gens qui m'ont lu. Donc, j'ai décidé de repondre à une question assez repetée: <em>Quest-ce que c'est une PCR?</em></p>
<p>La técnique de la PCR (de l'anglais <em>Polymerase Chain Reaction</em>) a été décrite l'année 1986, par Kary Banks Millis (Prix Nobel en Chimie le 1993). Cette téchnique permet d'obtenir une grande quantité de copies d'un fragment d'ADN grâce à l'enzyme DNA polymerase, qui peut copier (repliquer) une chaîne simple d'ADN en partant d'une region en double chaîne.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Qu'est-ce qu'on a besoin pour celà?</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>ADN "moule"</strong>: C'est la sequence d'ADN qu'on veut amplifier. Il est en double chaîne. Dans mon cas, il s'agit de la partie d'expression du gène de la metallothioneine que je veux étudier, qui se trouve dans un vecteur.</li>
<li><em><strong>Primers</strong></em><strong> ou amorces</strong>: Sont des oligonucleotides (petits fragments d'ADN) qui ont été dessinés de façon qu'ils vont nous servir pour déterminer la partie à amplifier parmi la totalité du ADN "moule". Ils sont complementaire à la chaîne originale d'ADN, et, en plus, on y ajoute une cible pour un enzyme de restriction. Cette cible nous permetra plus tard de cloner le produit de cette PCR dans un plasmide.</li>
<li><strong>Taq polymerase</strong>: enzyme termostable qui copie la partie desirée. Il y en a plein types différents, vendus comercielement.</li>
<li><strong>dNTP</strong>: desoxynucleotides tri-phosphate. C'est le substract necessaire pour polymeriser l'ADN nouveau: dATP, dCTP, dGTP et dTTP. Sont les 4 bases ou composants de l'ADN et que la Taq placerà un derrier l'autre en suivant la sequence moule.</li>
<li><strong>MgCl2</strong>: des ions de Magnesium, un cofacteur necessaire pour l'enzyme. Il faut bien calculer la bonne concentration parce que s'il y en a trop, l'efectivité diminue. On va travailler à la concentration minimale parce que celà augmente l'especificité de la réaction.</li>
<li><strong>Buffer ou tampon</strong>: solution qui maintien le pH stable pour la bonne marche de la polymerase.</li>
<li><strong>Eau ultra pure (miliQ)</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p>La PCR est une repetition d'un cycle qui a trois pas:<strong> dénaturalization</strong>, <strong>hybridation</strong> et <strong>elongation</strong>. Pendant la dénaturalization, l'ADN moule, qui est une double chaîne, va s'ouvrir du à l'haute temperature (95ºC). Ceci est un pas très important, parce que si la dénaturalization n'est pas complète, la quantité de produit finale est beaucoup plus basse.</p>
<p>Tout suite, on fait descendre la temperature, qui permet la rénaturalization du DNA, et c'est en ce moment là que les amorces vont hybrider à ces endroits complèmentaires. La température d'hybridation varie en fonction des caracteristiques des amorces utilisés. Une température haute permetrà une hybridation plus spécifique, parcontre, une température trop basse nous donnera des produits inspécifiques.</p>
<p>Au dernier pas, la température monte jusqu'àux niveaux optimes de travail de l'enzyme (entre 70 et 75ºC), de façon que la polymerase peut commencer à copier à partir de l'amorce et repliquer l'ADN. Ce troisième pas peut être plus ou moins long selon la longitude du fragment à amplifier. On considère que pour 1000 bp on a besoin d'environ un minute de temps.</p>
<p>Ces trois pas sont répétés 25-35 fois, de façon a obtenir une grande quantité d'ADN. L'amplification est exponentielle: d'une copie, à la fin du premier cycle, on en a 2, après, 4, 8, 16, 32...</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Une fois les cycles terminés, on laisse un dernier pas d'elongation qui va durer plusieurs minutes et qui permetra à la polymerase de finir complètement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Bon, j'espère que j'ai éclairci un peu ce que c'est cette téchnique. Si vous voulez voir une animation très pédagogique, je vous envoie au site de l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie de Paris: <a href="http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/bmedia/PCR/index.htm">http://www.snv.jussieu.fr/bmedia/PCR/index.htm</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;">Bientôt, je continuerai la suite des métodes pour cloner et explimer une proteine.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[notícias...Anne Frank...domingo!]]></title>
<link>http://biolirios.wordpress.com/?p=381</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 27 Apr 2008 21:52:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>!He!ena!</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biolirios.wordpress.com/?p=381</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Certo. Quero, primeiramente pedir desculpas pelo abandono temporário do BioLírios. Eu realmente es]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Certo. Quero, primeiramente pedir desculpas pelo abandono temporário do BioLírios. Eu realmente estava sem inspiração para postar. Mas os últimos dias tem me dado ótimas novidades.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">No mestrado, estou terminando a parte prática no laboratório. Somente mais alguns PCRs (quer saber o que é PCR? Olha o filmininho <strong><a href="http://pcrfilme.vilabol.uol.com.br/" target="_blank">aqui</a></strong>!) depois é só fazer análises e escrever o artigo (só?! haahaiuhai!).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Eu ganhei 2 mantinhas da <strong><a href="http://laurastorch.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Laurinha</a></strong>...uma vermelha e outra rosa....as duas lindíssimas...já to devendo lã pra ela...hauaaiuhia...mas to fazendo propaganda pra ela aqui! Acho que vem novidade por aí nesse ramo, né Laurinha?! Hehehe...</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://biolirios.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/imag0111.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-383 aligncenter" src="http://biolirios.wordpress.com/files/2008/04/imag0111.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="359" height="269" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hoje o domingo foi "<strong>tri porto-alegrense</strong>"</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Fui na Usina do Gasômetro visitar a Exposição "<strong>Anne Frank: Uma História para Hoje</strong>".</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_cKZml1Lbfu8/RqfwLy65cpI/AAAAAAAAAF4/QoPhxlSavf4/s1600-h/anne-desk.jpg"><img style="display:block;text-align:center;margin:0 auto 10px;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_cKZml1Lbfu8/RqfwLy65cpI/AAAAAAAAAF4/QoPhxlSavf4/s320/anne-desk.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="312" height="312" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Anne Frank, uma menina judia de 13 anos, e sua família viviam na Holanda no começo da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Quando os nazistas invadiram o país, eles se esconderam em um anexo secreto de uma casa em Amsterdã durante 2 anos. Neste tempo, Anne Frank ganhou um diário onde contou sua história, seus pensamentos e os horrores vividos durante a Guerra.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.annefrank.org/upload/Thematische%20verhalen/dagboek_voorkant.jpg" alt="" width="184" height="194" /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em>“Espero poder confiar inteiramente  em você, como jamais confiei em  alguém até hoje, e espero  que você venha a ser um grande apoio  e um grande conforto para mim.”</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Anne Frank, 12 de junho de 1942</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong><em>“Realmente, é de admirar  que eu não tenha desistido de todos  os meus ideais, tão absurdos e  impossíveis eles são de  se realizar. Conservo-os, no entanto,  porque apesar de tudo ainda acredito nas  pessoas, no fundo, são realmente  boas. Simplesmente não posso construir  minhas esperanças sobre alicerces  formados de confusão, miséria  e morte. Vejo o mundo transformar-se gradualmente  em uma selva. Sinto que estamos cada vez  mais próximos da destruição.  Sofro com o sofrimento de milhões  e, no entanto, se levanto os olhos aos  céus, sei que tudo acabará bem,  toda essa crueldade desaparecerá,  voltarão a paz e a traquilidade.”</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Anne Frank, 15 de Julho de 1944</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mais tarde a família foi descoberta e levada a campos de concentração onde morreram Anne Frank e sua irmã Margot (com Tifo) e sua mãe Edith. Nestes campos morreram também a família que dividiu o anexo com a família Frank. O pai de Anne sobreviveu e foi resgatado pelos russos. Em 1952 ele se casou novamente e morreu em 1980 com 90 anos.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">O diário de Anne Frank foi traduzido para mais de 70 países e continua sendo um dos livros mais vendidos em todo o mundo. Algumas das versões podem ser vistas na exposição assim como uma réplica de seu quarto (foto abaixo - direita) no anexo secreto. A sua história também virou peça de teatro e filme.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="http://www.siciliano.com.br/capas/8501044458.jpg" alt="" width="185" height="293" /><img src="http://www.annefrank.org/upload/Thematische%20verhalen/annes%20kamertje.jpg" alt="http://www.annefrank.org/upload/Thematische%20verhalen/annes%20kamertje.jpg" width="279" height="294" /></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A exposição conta, além da história da família de Anne Frank, a história de algumas pessoas como Miep Gies que ajudaram a família de Anne Frank no anexo secreto e outros judeus que também sofreram durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A exposição ainda conta com desenhos e poemas criados por crianças de 11 a 15 anos do Campo de Concentração de Terezin (Tchecoslovária), durante a Segunda Guerra.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A exposição, que resgata o drama dos judeus durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, percorre o mundo desde 1996 divulgando ideais de tolerância e respeito.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>Quer saber mais sobre Anne Frank? Clica <a href="http://www.annefrank.org" target="_blank">aqui</a> e faz uma visitinha no Museu Anne Frank!</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Não posso deixar de mencionar que a Usina do Gasômetro é um lugar muito bonito que tem uma vista linda do Guaíba.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gas%C3%B4metro_visto_do_guaiba.jpg"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gas%C3%B4metro_visto_do_guaiba.jpg/450px-Gas%C3%B4metro_visto_do_guaiba.jpg" border="0" alt="Gasômetro visto do guaiba.jpg" width="266" height="355" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>A exposição e o Gasômetro realmente merecem ser visitados!</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">O domingo ainda teve chimas na Redenção e a vitória do Juventude sobre o Inter por 1 x 0 no primeiro jogo da final do Gauchão. Foi perfeito, não?!</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
<p style="text-align:center;">
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<title><![CDATA[Mon clonage de proteines (I)]]></title>
<link>http://vacarisses.wordpress.com/?p=73</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 2008 11:02:11 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>eartells</dc:creator>
<guid>http://vacarisses.wordpress.com/?p=73</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Connaisez vous un peu de biotech? Non? Bon, moi j&#8217;y passe la journée à faire des trucs catal]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Connaisez vous un peu de biotech? Non? Bon, moi j'y passe la journée à faire des trucs catalogués de science-fiction pour des gens non connaisseurs.</p>
<p>Pour ma thèse, j'ai besoin d'une grande quantité d'une metallothioneine, un type de proteine qui est capable de s'unir à des metaux lourds. Pour avoir cette proteine, il y a deux moyens. Le premier est prendre l'organisme en question, le gonfler à metaux lourds (cadmium, mercure...) et, une fois la pauvre bête est morte, purifier la proteine. Bien sur, celà peut poser un tout petit problème étique selon l'organisme à étudier.. imaginons s'il s'agit de l'home!</p>
<p>Donc, il fait longtemps, jadis, un deuxième méthode a été mis en place: clonnation de bacteries qui vont produire cette proteine recombinante en grande quantité. Et touer des milions de bacteries, celà ne pose des soucis à personne.</p>
<p>Et c'est ce deuxième méthode que je fais: je prepare des bacteries qui sont capables d'exprimer en grande quantité un gène d'un animal vachement plus grand (non, ce n'est pas d'une vache!). Comment on fait celà? Oh, c'est facile! D'abord, on prend le gène désirée, on fait une PCR, qui est une technique que permet d'amplifier exponentiellement la quantité de copies du gène. Tout suite, on coupe les extremités dans des endroits qu'on a dejà dessiné avec la PCR. Cette coupure permet que les deux cotés de la sequence soient cohésif, c'est à dire, collants. Celà aide à la ligation de notre gène avec le vecteur d'expression. Un vecteur d'expression est une molécule d'ADN circulaire qu'on va introduir dans la bacterie et qui va nous permetre d'induire l'expression du gène cloné, et donc la production en grande quantité de la porteine codé par ce gène. Il nous reste maintenant que transformer les bacteries avec ce vecteur d'expression qui porte le gène desirée, et preparer de grandes cultures bacterienes d'où on va purifier la proteine.</p>
<p>C'est facile, non? Et, bon, non. Une fois le protocole est absolutement mis en place, on peut avoir la bacterie clonée en 5 jours, plus ou moins. Mais il y a plein trucs qui vont faire retarder le résultat de temps et de temps, et de temps, et de temps..et..</p>
<p>D'abord, il faut optimiser la PCR. Il y a plein facteurs qui affecten le résultat: dès les concentrations des différents produits utilisés au bon dessin des amorces. Les amorces sont des petits morceaux d'ADN qui vont s'unir aux extremités de la sequence à amplifier pour permettre à la polymerase commencer à copier. Dans mon cas, une partie des amorces est extactement le début ou la fin du gène de ma proteine, mais une autre part sert à introduire une cible pour pouvoir couper et avoir les extremes cohésifs.</p>
<p>Après plusieurs essais, une fois la quantité de Mg optimisée, ainsi que le temps de PCR, cycles, quantité de <em>buffer</em>, polymerase, ADN ... bref, après une journée d'essai (avec de la chance), on est prêts pour preparer une PCR pour avoir ce qu'on nomme l'<em>INSERT</em>, parce que c'est le gène qui va s'inserer au vecteur.</p>
<p>Là j'aimerai avoir une web cam pour vous regarder: les biologistes on suivi, les autres celà fait un moment qui se sont perdus, voir arreter de lire.. et même, parmi les connaisseurs, il y en a qui vont me corriger?</p>
<p>Bon, voilà la premiere journée de boulot: on laisse tourner la PCR définitive <em>overnight</em> et le lendemain matin on va continuer nos manips. Et je laisse aussi  mon post ici, histoire de pas être trop lourde!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Vot ?! Canci !!!]]></title>
<link>http://moshcalifar.wordpress.com/?p=165</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 2008 07:44:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>moshcalifar</dc:creator>
<guid>http://moshcalifar.wordpress.com/?p=165</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustin ideea lu&#8217; Mordechai 101 % !
Dedcatie pentru BEC, BEM ,Blaga, Diaconescu, Orban, Gusa,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://moshcalifar.wordpress.com/files/2008/04/mybannerblinkyab96b244akb6.gif"></a><a href="http://moshcalifar.wordpress.com/files/2008/04/mybannerblinkyab96b244akb6.gif"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-168" src="http://moshcalifar.wordpress.com/files/2008/04/mybannerblinkyab96b244akb6.gif" alt="" width="500" height="274" /></a><a href="http://moshcalifar.wordpress.com/files/2008/04/mybannerblinky6984eb6c4fc1.gif"></a></p>
<p>Sustin ideea lu' <a title="Mordechai" href="http://moshemordechai.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Mordechai</a> 101 % !</p>
<p>Dedcatie pentru BEC, BEM ,Blaga, Diaconescu, Orban, Gusa, PSD, PDL, PCR....plm !</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/Mz-9XQL6Ubo'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/Mz-9XQL6Ubo&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[New Video about Orthokeratology]]></title>
<link>http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/?p=92</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 15:28:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>brighteyesnews</dc:creator>
<guid>http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/?p=92</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This new 13 minute video does an excellent job of describing Precise Corneal Reshaping for patients ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;">This new 13 minute video does an excellent job of describing <a href="http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/category/precise-corneal-reshaping/" target="_self">Precise Corneal Reshaping</a> for patients of all ages.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a> </a></p>
<p>If you have questions about the process or are curious if you are a candidate, please <a href="https://secure.eyehub.com/secure/index.cfm?fuseaction=site.contact&#38;domain=visionsource-brighteyes.com" target="_blank">contact the office</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><span class="alignleft"><code>[wpvideo gt9QxCA3 w=400]</code></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA["Reshaping the World" in San Diego]]></title>
<link>http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/?p=90</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 13:52:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>brighteyesnews</dc:creator>
<guid>http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/?p=90</guid>
<description><![CDATA[While everyone at Bright Eyes is getting ready for the Tiffany and Co. launch party tomorrow, I won]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While everyone at Bright Eyes is getting ready for the <a href="http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/2008/04/10/accessorize-your-eyes-the-tiffany-and-co-party/" target="_blank">Tiffany and Co. launch party</a> tomorrow, I won't be able to join in the fun.</p>
<p>For the next 4 days, I am going to be in San Diego attending the <a href="http://www.okglobal.org/index.php" target="_blank">American Academy of Orthokeratology</a> annual meeting. Orthokeratology is  the scientific name for <a href="http://brighteyesnews.wordpress.com/2007/10/27/here-comes-precise-corneal-reshaping/" target="_self">Precise Corneal Reshaping</a> (PCR) and the Academy is the primary organization for doctors that offer corneal reshaping.</p>
<p>I love these meetings because every day is nothing but focused discussion, lecture, and hands-on experience from 7 a.m. until I get too sleepy to stay up any longer. Conferences like this allow me to talk in person with friend and specialists from all over the country and world that I normally only communicate with by email.</p>
<p>The topics at this year are <em>very</em> exciting. There will be several lectures on very recent advances in the science behind PCR and myopia control, which is an issue that is interesting to many. There are also lecture on the science behind the corneal responses to reshaping to make PCR more effective. There will discussions of new techniques and technology that will allow PCR to meet the needs of a wider group of people.</p>
<p>Of course, coming from the Eastern time zone, means that I wake up at 4 a.m., each day, but that is a small price to pay for all this information.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[CSIS PCR: Review of Early Warning Systems]]></title>
<link>http://earlywarning.wordpress.com/?p=9</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 18:46:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Patrick Philippe Meier</dc:creator>
<guid>http://earlywarning.wordpress.com/?p=9</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS) has just released a review of 30 conflict earl]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">The Center for Strategic International Studies (<a href="http://www.csis.org/">CSIS</a>) has just <a href="http://forums.csis.org/pcrproject/?page_id=267">released a review</a> of 30 conflict early warning systems. In this blog entry, I provide preliminary reactions to the report based on a first read. I will add subsequent thoughts and comments in the near future. Before articulating some of my responses, let me say that this type of review is exactly what is needed to begin a serious conversation about what conflict early warning systems can, and cannot, do.</p>
<ol style="text-align:justify;">
<li>The case selection for the review is problematic in that no distinction appears to be made between conflict early warning systems and conflict risk assessments.</li>
<li>The assertion by proponents of conflict early models that their models have a success rate of between 75%-90% needs to be critically reviewed and independently assessed. Equally importantly, the triggers identified by these models should be evaluated to determine whether they can be factors practically influenced by policymakers.</li>
<li>It should not come as a surprise that few decision makers rely on (early warning) watch lists to take politically risky decisions or to take preventive action in advance of a crisis. We should be upfront and honest about this.</li>
<li>The reason that knowledge of conflicts is still rudimentary is because social systems are complex and the tools we apply are far too linear and discrete to capture the complex dynamics of conflicts. Academics should move away from econometrics and towards systems analysis as well as agent-based modeling. I would also highly recommend reading Nassim Taleb's "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Black-Swan-Impact-Highly-Improbable/dp/1400063515">The Black Swan</a>."</li>
<li>Baseline data is more appropriate for structural prevention than operational conflict prevention.</li>
<li>Weighing indicators implies attaching a static number to each indicator. Not only do these weights change depending on the combination of other indicators at play, but they also change over time, at different levels of analysis and in different political, cultural, social and economic contexts. Appropriate weights cannot be determined <em>a priori</em>.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify;">For me, the two most important points identified by the authors of the study are:</p>
<blockquote><p>Small pools of experts dominate interpretations - It is nearly impossible to predict outcomes from chaotic and complex situations, and even the experts tend not to get it right any more than lay people do. In fact, experts often overlook information that goes against years of viewing a place in a certain way, while minority voices are typically ignored.</p>
<p>Models do not account for political will -   The real challenge is almost always how to get political actors to take risks. Generally, government officials have a naturally optimistic and can-do nature or they are reluctant to give higher-ups bad news, which prevents thinking of worst-case scenarios.</p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">My main concerns and questions:</p>
<ol style="text-align:justify;">
<li>Most, if not all, of the systems under review have not undergone any strictly independent evaluations vis-a-vis their accuracy. A follow up review would be valuable if it included success stories associated with these systems.</li>
<li>If the models do not account for political will, then how are we any different from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra">Cassandra</a> even if our models were to be accurate?</li>
<li>The report repeats the issue of not being able to measure success if nothing happens, ie, if prevention is successful. This mistakenly assumes that early warning alerts actually lead to response in the first place, regardless of whether the response is subsequently successful or unsuccessful. We can trace warnings to response far more easily. The problem is that hardly any warnings lead to any kind of response. So why exactly are we concerned about proving a negative?</li>
<li>The report recommends that information be collected at the ground level. This is necessary but not sufficient. If this information is collected at the local level and then wired up to bureaucratic headquarters thousands of miles away, it will do little good to the local at-risk communities.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The report rightly argues for measures to improve accountability of those taking or not taking action. I would suggest the authors review the <a href="http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/content/default.asp">UN IASC'</a>s work on Minimum Preparedness Actions (MPAs) and perhaps <a href="http://www.conflict-reduction.org/meier/Decision%20Making.pdf">this piece</a> on Decision-Making and Conflict Early Warning at the UN, in which my colleague <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/phd/students/campbell.shtml">Susanna Campbell</a> and I consider the possibility of Minimum Preventive Actions for the purposes of applying greater accountability within the UN bureaucracy.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Indeed, we make a distinction between early warning systems for lobbying and those for operational response. The vast majority of systems reviewed in the CSIS study are more geared towards lobbying and advocacy rather than operational response. This is not a criticism but simply an observation. We should not confuse lobbying for operational response.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">To conclude, this is an important report that I hope will generate some fruitful reflection.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/phd/students/Meier.shtml">Patrick Philippe Meier</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Cost-Effective Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) To Screen for Dengue Virus followed by Rapid Single-Tube Multiplex RT-PCR for Serotyping of the Virus]]></title>
<link>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=299</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2008 14:48:00 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>gu2nfaunsoed</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=299</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Demam berdarah adalah suatu penyakit yang dibawa oleh nyamuk yang lazim ditemukan di daerah subtropi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Demam berdarah adalah suatu penyakit yang dibawa oleh nyamuk yang lazim ditemukan di daerah subtropis dan tropis. Virus demam berdarah adalah suatu virus RNA strand positif yang merupakan genus flavivirus termasuk dalam famili Flaviviridae. Virus demam berdarah disebarkan terutama oleh Aedes aegypti, dan vektor keduanya adalah Aedes albopictus, kedua-duanya dapat ditemukan di banyak area di </span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">kota</span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;"> dan pinggiran </span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">kota</span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">. Demam berdarah mempunyai empat beda serotypes ( Dengue-1, - 2, - 3, dan - 4) dapat dibedakan dengan metode molekular.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Metode pendeteksian virus demam berdarah yang dilakukan pada fase awal penyakit. PCR, menggunakan cDNA yang merupakan turunan dari RNA, digunakan sebagai dasar molekuler untuk mendeteksi virus demam berdarah. Dikembangkan uji <span> </span>Three Real Time One Step Reverse Transcriptase (RT-PCR) untuk deteksi kasus demam berdarah dan melibatkan serotype virus. RT-PCR pertama menggunakan SYBR hijau 1 digunakan untuk skrining virus demam berdarah hemat biaya. Deteksi terbatas pada uji SYBR hijau 1 yaitu sebesar 10 PFU/mL (ekuivalen 0,01 PFU per pengujian) untuk semua virus demam berdarah. RT-PCR yang kedua adalah fluorogenik duplex pengujiannya berbasis real-time RT-PCR untuk serotype sample klinik untuk virus demam berdarah. Ambang batas format pengujian berbasis real-time RT-PCR adalah 0,1 PFU untuk serotype Demam Berdarah 1 dan 2, satu PFU untuk serotype Demam Berdarah 3 dan 0,01 PFU untuk serotype 4. yang ketiga adalah uji fourplex yang mendeteksi empat serotype dalam tabung<span> </span>tunggal tertutup dengan sensitivitas yang dapat dibandingkan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Sampel klinis terdiri dari 2 set serum yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Set A terdiri dari 3 koleksi berurutan yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18pt;line-height:150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;"><span>1.<span> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">diambil 72 jam setelah serangan demam</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18pt;line-height:150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;"><span>2.<span> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">diambil 3 hari setelah pengambilan pertama</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18pt;line-height:150%;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;"><span>3.<span> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">21 hari setelah serangan demam</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Set B: merupakan pengumpulan darah tunggal dari kasus saspect demam berdarah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Ekstraksi RNA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Seluruh RNA virus diekstraksi dari bagian serum pertama atau supernatant kultur virus menggunakan viral minikrit QIAGEN QIAAMP RNA ( QIAGEN, </span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Hilden</span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">, Negara Jerman) menurut protokol pabrik</span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Rancangan primer oligonucleotide dan pemeriksaan FRET</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Umumnya digunakan primer pan-dengue dengan target region 3’ noncoding daerah virus demam berdarah, yaitu pan-dengue awal ( 5'-TTGAGTAAACYRTGCTGCCTGTAGCTC-3') dan pan-dengue reverse ( 5'-GAGACAGCAGGATCTCTGGTCTYTC-3').<span> </span>Reverse primer didesain kompatibel dengan empat pasang Flourescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Deteksi dengan SYBR hijau 1 berbasis Real Time RT-PCR</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Semua RT-PCRS dilakukan dengan 1 µ l Rna template di (dalam) 10-µl reaksi. RNAS Dengue-1 ( S144), Dengue-2 ( ST), Dengue-3 ( SGH), dan Dengue-4 ( S006) dimasukkan ketika kendali eksternal di dalam tiap-tiap RT-PCR sedang dijalankan. Control positif diperoleh dari isolasi kultur virus dari sample klinik diperoleh dari pasien DB singapura. Semua RNA sample klinik pertama disaring menggunakan SYBR hijau I<span> </span>berbasis real-time RT-PCR. ONE-STEP SYBR hijau I<span> </span>berbasis real-time RT-PCR dilaksanakan dengan sistem Lightcycler ( LC 1.2; Roche Diagnostik, Penzberg, Negara Jerman). Konsentrasi sample uji optimal ( 0.4 µ M) dari tiap primer dalam suatu 1x konsentrasi akhir Lightcycler RNA master SYBR hijau I dan 3 mM mangan asetat ( Roche Diagnostik). Kondisi-kondisi RT-PCR untuk ONE-STEP SYBR hijau I RT-PCR terdiri dari 10 menit tahap reverse transcriptase pada 60°C dan kemudian pengaktifan 1 menit Taq polymerase pada 95°C, diikuti dengan 35 siklus PCR pada 95°C tanpa holding time ( denaturation), 60°C untuk 3 s ( annaealing), dan 72°C untuk 10 s ( pemanjangan). Fluorescence yang dipancarkan ditangkap pada ujung akhir pemanjangan dari tiap siklus pada 530 nm</span><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Serotyping dengan pemeriksaan FRT</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Pembedaan antara serotypes yang dicapai dengan<span> </span>augmentasi pasangan primer umum dengan pemeriksaan serotype-specific. Di dalam uji duplex, pemeriksaan yang mengarahkan Dengue-1 dan Dengue-3 berlabel fluorocense LC-RED 640, sedangkan pemeriksaan yang mengarahkan Dengue-2 dan Dengue-4 diberi label fluorocense LC-RED 705. Suatu PCR duplex masing-masing sample dimasukkan <span> </span>ke dalam dua pipa kapiler terpisah. Satu tabung berisi pemeriksaan serotype-specific untuk Dengue-1 dan Dengue-2, sedangkan] tabung yang lain berisi pemeriksaan serotype-specific untuk Dengue-3 dan Dengue-4. Roche Lightcycler kotak master RNA hybridisasi yang telah digunakan ( Roche Diagnostik), dan masing-masing uji terdiri dari 1x pemeriksaan Lightcycler master RNA hybridisasi campuran, 3.25 mM mangan asetat, 0.4 µ M konsentrasi primer depan, 0.4 µ M konsentrasi reverse primer, dan 0.3 µ M konsentrasi dari tiap pemeriksaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Transkripsi balik dilakukan pada suhu 61°C selama 15 menit, pengaktifan diikuti dengan Taq polymerase pada 95°C selama 1 menit. 45 siklus Amplifikasi PCR dilakukan dengan denaturation pada 95°C ( tanpa ketentuan waktu), annealing pada 60°C selama 15 detik, dan pemanjangan pada 72°C selama 10 detik. Pancaran fluorosence dari uji pada fase annealing dari tiap siklus pada 640 dan 705 nm. Hasil dianalisa dengan Lightcycler perangkat lunak versi 3.5.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Format fourplex single-tube RT-PCR pengujian dikembangkan dengan<span> </span>menggunakan versi <span> </span>Lightcycler ( LC 2.0; Roche Diagnostik) yang lebih maju. Penambahan dua filter membutuhkan pembacaan fluorescence pada dua panjang gelombang ekstra, yaitu 610 dan 670 nm, membandingkan kepada versi yang lebih tua LC 1.2. Pada pengujian fourplex, pemeriksaan yang mengarah Dengue-1 berlabel fluorosent LC-RED 610, dan Dengue-2 berlabel fluorosent LC-RED 670. Sama halnya untuk Fluorosent untuk pengujian Dengue-3 dan Dengue-4. Fourplex RT-PCR dilakukan dalam tabung tunggal pada masing-masing contoh yang berisi empat fluorosent untuk masing-masing serotype demam berdarah. Masing-Masing pengujian terdiri dari 1x 1x pemeriksaan Lightcycler master RNA hybridisasi campuran, 3.25 mM mangan asetat, 0.3 µ M konsentrasi primer depan, 0.3 µ M konsentrasi primer balik,. Konsentrasi pemeriksaan dioptimalkan untuk menghapus dross talk. Konsentrasi pemeriksaan yang digunakan pada setiap tabung reaksi adalah 0.3 µ M untuk Dengue-1, 0.15 µ M untuk Dengue-2, 0.12 µ M untuk Dengue-3, dan 0.2 µ M untuk Dengue-4.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Transkripsi balik dilaksanakan pada suhu 61°C selama 20 menit, diikuti dengan pengaktifan Taq polymerase pada 95°C selama 1 menit. 45 siklus Amplifikasi PCR dilakukan dengan denaturation pada 95°C1 detik, annealing pada 59°C selama 15 detik, dan pemanjangan pada 72°C selama 10 detik. Pancaran fluorosence dari uji pada fase annealing dari tiap siklus pada 610, 640, 670, dan 705 nm yang berurutan,. Hasil dianalisa dengan Lightcycler perangkat lunak versi 4.05.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Isolasi virus dan IFA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;">Suatu bagian serum yang digunakan untuk isolasi virus nyamuk Aedes albopictus garis sel C6/36 garis sel (ATCC CRL-1660), yang diikuti oleh serotyping menggunakan IFA. Singkatnya, kultur sel diinkubasi selama 10 hari pada 33°C setelah suatu 1 jam periode adsorpsi pada 37°C. Sel dipanen setelah 10 hari untuk menandai IFA. Sel direaksikan dengan virus demam berdarah specific lain maupun serotype antibodi monoclonal virus demam berdarah yang diperjelas dari supernatant yang diperoleh dari<span> </span>kultur hibridoma ( ATCC HB-46, HB-47, HB-48, dan HB-49).</span></p>
<p>Nama : Gunatri<br />
NIM      : O1A005049<br />
Contact Person<br />
Email   : goen_can2@yahoo.com</p>
<p>Blog    : http://gu2nfaunsoed.wordpress.com</p>
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<title><![CDATA[PERKEMBANGAN DARI PENGUJIAN NESTED REAL TIME PCR (NRT-PCR)]]></title>
<link>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=278</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2008 11:40:47 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>yurihanami</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=278</guid>
<description><![CDATA[          Teknik-teknik molekular telah mengembangkan dan memvalidkan suatu metode Nested R]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">          Teknik-teknik molekular telah mengembangkan dan memvalidkan suatu metode Nested Real Time PCR (NRT-PCR) yang<span>  </span>mengarah pada gen <em>omp 1 </em>untuk menetapkan tipe gen dari tiap delapan genovar <em>Chlamydia trachomatis </em>dari D-K (D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K) atau tiga genovar dari <em>Lymphogranuloma venerum</em> (LGV I-III) dengan menggunakan 11 DNA probe (DNA pelacak) dan sepasang primer yaitu P1 dan P2, P3 dan P4 yang tidak mengalami reaksi bersilangan dengan DNA dari bakteri patogen manapun. Probe secara tepat dapat mengidentifikasi masing-masing genovar tanpa reaktivitas silang. Primer dan probe dirancang dari wilayah variable gen <em>omp 1.</em> Primer dapat memperbesar DNA dari semua genovar <em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> termasuk genovar untuk trakhom (DNA target), sedangkan probe dirancang hanya untuk genovar D-K dan LGV I-III (DNA target). </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span>           </span>Hal tersebut dirasakan penting karena infeksi yang ditimbulkan dari <em>Chlamydia trachomatis </em>merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang penting juga. <em>Chlamydia trachomatis </em>adalah pembawa kausatif dari trakhom yang<span>  </span>menyebabkan kebutaan (katarak) dan penyakit yang ditularkan secara seksual (<em>sexually transmitted disease/</em> STD) sehingga dapat dilakukan pemantauan terapinya, mengamati kontak dan untuk pengembangan suatu vaksin. Organisme tersebut merupakan suatu bakteri intrasel, dan tiap genovar yang berbeda menghasilkan manifestasi klinis yang spesifik, yaitu tipe A, B, Ba dan C menyebabkan trakhom, tipe LGV I-III menyebabkan LGV, dan tipe D-K menyebabkan penyakit oculogenital.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span>           </span>NRT-PCR terdiri dari dua ronde (putaran), yang pertama disebut <em>Block-based PCR</em> dan yang kedua ialah PCR (Real-time). Dalam <em>Block-based PCR </em>membutuhkan kelompok DNA sampel dari <em>Chlamydia trachomatis </em>dengan keturunan yang berbeda, primer (P1 dan P2), Rekombinan Taq DNA Polimerase dan Deoxynucleotide Triphosphate yang nantinya akan menghasilkan suatu Amplicon. Sementara PCR (Real-time) membutuhkan primer P3 dan P4, Amplicon hasil dari <em>Block-based PCR </em>dan Probe.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Dua langkah NRT-PCR yang digunakan dalam studi ini ternyata mempunyai resiko tersendiri antara lain dapat mencemari peralatan yang digunakan dan lingkungan laboratorium.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Nama<span>   </span>: Yurihanami</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">NIM<span>    </span>: O1A005052</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Email<span>    </span>: </span><a href="mailto:u_ree_chan@yahoo.com"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">u_ree_chan@yahoo.com</span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Times New Roman;">Blog<span>     </span>: yurihanami.wordpress.com</span></span></p>
]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Multitarget PCR for Diagnosis of Pertussis and Its Clinical Implications]]></title>
<link>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=274</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2008 10:32:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Putri AM</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=274</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Multitarget PCR untuk Diagnosis Pertussis dan Implikasi Klinisnya
 
Pertussis adalah infeksi salura]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;margin:0;" align="center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Verdana;">Multitarget PCR untuk Diagnosis Pertussis dan Implikasi Klinisnya</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pertussis adalah infeksi saluran pernafasan yang disebabkan oleh infeksi <em>Bordetella pertussis</em>, infeksi oleh <em>B. parapertussis </em>jarang terjadi. Tingkat penularan pertussis tinggi sehingga diagnosis pertussis yang tepat pada waktunya dan dapat dipercaya menjadi penting dalam hal menyediakan terapi spesifik dan pencegahan penularan penyakit. Macam-macam metode diagnosis telah dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi pertussis, tetapi semuanya terbatas dalam hal sensitivitas, spesifitas, dan kepraktisan. Penemuan kembali organisme melalui kultur atau metode <em>direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) </em>memiliki spesifitas yang tinggi, tetapi sensitivitasnya rendah dan hasilnya tidak tersedia degna cepat. Penelitian serologic, meskipun tidak praktis untuk diagnosis cepat, telah digunakan untuk mengukur antibody IgG terhadap racun pertussis berhasil dalam sebuah investigasi besar-besaran yang meliputi remaja dan dewasa sebaik percobaan vaksin. Pemeriksaan antibodi spesifik pertussis dalam serum tidak pernah diterima secara luas dalam wilayah klinis karena hasil serologik tidak dapat digunakan atau tersedia dengan cepat menyebabkan keraguan dalam proses penyakit, khususnya dalam infansi dan tidak selalu dapat membedakan host imunitas yang diperoleh setelah infeksi atau vaksinasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Uji PCR secara substansi memudahkan diagnosis pertussis. Uji PCR dapat diterapkan secara langsung pada spesimen, dapat mendeteksi meskipun hanya sedikit atau kadang-kadang organisme <em>Bordetella </em>yang mati, menyediakan hasil dengan cepat, dan dapat dilakukan pada infant. Uji ini lebih sensitive daripada kultur, dengan tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifitas berturut-turut 61 dan 88%. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">PCR untuk diagnosis pertussis sudah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1989, Namun agen pengaturan di Amerika Serikat (Euperstrain) tidak merekomendasikannya karena pernah dilaporkan hasil false negatif dan false positif hingga “pseudo outbreak” yang terjadi karena penanganan laboratorium yang salah dan prosedur percobaan dibawah optimal. Namun demikian Laboratorium Mikrobiologi pada Rumah Sakit Anak dan Pusat Kesehatan Wilayah (CHRMC), Seattle, WA, menganjurkan penggunaan two-target PCR untuk diagnosis pertussis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengunaan multitarget melawan sekuens IS481 (IS), racun pertussis ptxA promoter region (PT), dan outer membran porin (PO) atau recA (RA) sudah dievaluasi pada spesimen pernafasan yang dikumpulkan dari 4.442 pasien dengan dugaan pertussis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Semua spesimen diperoleh dari pasien dengan dugaan pertussis dari King Country, Washington, yang dirujuk ke Laboratorium Mikrobiologi pada Rumah Sakit Anak dan Pusat Kesehatan Wilayah (CHRMC), Seattle, WA, antara Januari 2002 sampai Desember 2005. Kultur hanya dilakukan pada spesimen PCR positif dan PCR indeterminate. Dua swab Dacron atau rayon nasofaring diperoleh, satu diletakkan disamping ReganLowe transpor medium untuk kultur yang menunggu hasil PCR dan yang lainnya disimpan pada suhu 20<sup>0</sup>C dalam tube steril tanpa tarnspor aditif. Swab yang paling akhir diproses dengan menambahkan 1 ml garam steril, diikuti 30s campuran <em>vigorous vortox</em>. Suspensi garam dipindahkan ke 1,5 ml tube Eppendort dan disentrifuse pada 1160 x g selama 5 menit, dan butir-butir dihentikan pada 100 </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">l tingkat molekuler air (Fischer Scientific, Fair lawn, NJ) dan dipanaskan pada 95<sup>0</sup>C selama 5 menit dan didinginkan pada 4<sup>0</sup>C. Amplifikasi dalam kontrol positif terdiri dari organisme baru tumbuh diencerkan menjadi 1 : 10 dan 1 : 100 dan 0.5 suspensi McFarland pada <em>B. pertussis </em>ATCC 9340 dan <em>B. parapertussis</em> ATCC 15237. Sensitivitas PCR untuk IS&#60; PT, dan PO/RA sudah divalidasi pada batas pemeriksaan rendah 20 CFU. Inokulum akhir dari pemanasan bahan kontrol B. pertussis ATCC 9340 menggunakan pengenceran ujung akhirnya dapat menjamin jumlah kopi genom sedikitnya 50 per reaksi pada tiap tes yang dilakukan. Air pada tingkat molekuler telah digunakan untuk kontrol negatif dan penanda </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;"><span>b</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">–aktin manusia telah digunakan untuk mengontrol kualitas spesimen dan hambatan PCR.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Uji PCR didesain untuk mendeteksi tiga target independen pada genom <em>Bordetella</em> : chromosomal repeated insersion sequence IS 481 (IS), racub polimorfis pertussis ptxA promoter region (PT), dan recA (RA) gene coding region, selama periode pertama penelitian gen outer membran porin (PO) digunakan sebelum sekuen RA tersedia. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Pertussis yang terdeteksi oleh tiga target IS-PT-PO/RA PCR adalah pada 309 pasien dan 247 pasien terdeteksi oleh konvensional single target IS. Dibandingkan dengan single target IS kombinasi tiga target meningkatkan proporsi spesimen positif 1,25 kali lipat dan kombinasi 2 target meningkatkan proporsi spesimen positif 1,10-1,24 kali lipat. Sembilan kasus infeksi <em>B. parapertussis</em> dilaporkan berdasarkan pengunaan multitarget PCR ini. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Nama : Putri Agistrian Murjani</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">NIM : O1A005051</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Email : <a href="mailto:phi_chocoaholic@yahoo.com"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">phi_chocoaholic@yahoo.com</span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;">Blog : putfa051.wordpress.com</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Rapid Multiplex Nested PCR for Detection of Respiratory Viruses ]]></title>
<link>http://widiana.wordpress.com/2008/04/15/rapid-multiplex-nested-pcr-for-detection-of-respiratory-viruses/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2008 10:06:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>widiana</dc:creator>
<guid>http://widiana.wordpress.com/2008/04/15/rapid-multiplex-nested-pcr-for-detection-of-respiratory-viruses/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan akut masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia khususnya di Indon]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan akut masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia khususnya di Indonesia. Meskipun dapat sembuh sendiri pada orang sehat, penyakit ini  dapat menyebabkan hilangnya produktivitas dan menyebabkan kesakitan dan kematian pada usia lanjut. Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut seringkali disebabkan oleh beberapa virus, terutama virus influenza yang merupakan penyebab utama, dan human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) yang kasusnya makin banyak dijumpai.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Banyak studi yang telah dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi virus-virus pada saluran pernafasan diantaranya adalah multiplex Nested PCR, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR atau real-time PCR. PCR merupakan salah satu cara untuk memperbanyak fragmen DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) spesifik secara enzimatik in vitro. Proses PCR menggunakan DNA template (mengandung fragmen DNA yang akan diamplifikasi), dua primer (menentukan daerah awal dan akhir dari DNA yang diamplifikasi), DNA polymeras, Deoxynukleotida-trifosfat, buffer (memberikan kondisi kimia yang cocok untuk DNA polymerase) dan sepasang oligonukleotida primer yang akan menghibridisasi rantai unggal dari arah yang berlawanan dengan DNA target.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nested PCR (N-PCR) adalah suatu metode baru yang dikembangkan untuk dapat mengevaluasi dan mendeteksi virus. Nested PCR dikembangkan karena infeksi pada saluran pernafasan disebabkan oleh jenis virus yang sangat heterogen. Nested PCR dapat mendeteksi 21 jenis virus penyebab infeksi gangguan pernafasan diantaranya adalah virus influenza A (FluA) yang terdiri dari H1N1, H3N2, dan H5N1; virus influenza B (FluB); parainfluenza virus (PIV) tipe 1, 2, 3, 4a dan 4b; respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) A and B; human rhinoviruses (hRVs); human enteroviruses (hEVs) ; human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43); severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; human metapneumoviruses; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Legionella pneumophila dan adenoviruses (ADV-A sampai F). Pengujian multiplex nested PCR terdiri dari lima kelompok uji dimana masing-masing kelompok multiplex nested PCR mendeteksi empat sampai lima virus.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Keuntungan multiplex Nested PCR adalah mempunyai durasi yang lebih cepat dalam mendeteksi virus yaitu selama 35 menit. Metode ini lebih cepat dibandingkan metode konvesional lain seperti isolasi virus dan immunofluorescent test assay (IFA). Dari hasil tes menunjukkan bahwa multiplex Nested PCR lebih spesifik dan lebih sensitif untuk mendeteksi virus. Ini terbukti dengan melihat hasil perbandingan tes berikut :</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" width="559"><col width="23"></col> <col width="197"></col> <col width="25"></col> <col width="77"></col> <col width="94"></col> <col width="57"></col></p>
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="23">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="197">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Metode</span></p>
</td>
<td width="25">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">CI</span></p>
</td>
<td width="77">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Rincian</span></p>
</td>
<td width="94">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Hasil 			Keseluruhan</span></p>
</td>
<td width="57">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Satuan</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="23">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">1.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="197">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Multiplex 			Nested PCR</span></p>
</td>
<td width="25">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">95</span></p>
</td>
<td width="77">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">42,9-54,1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="94">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">48,5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="57">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">%</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="23">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">2.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="197">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Isolasi 			virus</span></p>
</td>
<td width="25">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">95</span></p>
</td>
<td width="77">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">15,6-24,6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="94">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">20,1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="57">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">%</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="23">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">3.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="197">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;"><em>Immunofluorescent 			Test Assay</em></span><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;"><em><strong> </strong></em></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">95</span></p>
</td>
<td width="77">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">9,7-17,4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="94">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">13,5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="57">
<p align="center">%</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hasil tes tersebut menunjukkan dan membuktikan bahwa multiplex Nested PCR lebih spesifik. Keuntungan lainnya yaitu multiplex Nested PCR tidak hanya mendeteksi cultivatable virus tapi juga virus yang tergolong noncultivatable, particularly rhinoviruses, coronavirus OC43, dan metapneumoviruses. Jadi kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari studi ini yaitu bahwa multiplex Nested PCR lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dua metode konvensional lain yaitu isolasi virus dan Immunofluorescent Test Assay. Selain itu secara diagnosa multiplex Nested PCR lebih peka untuk mendeteksi gangguan virus-virus pada saluran pernafasan.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Rapid Multiplex Nested PCR for Detection of Respiratory Viruses   ]]></title>
<link>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=272</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2008 09:57:36 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>widiana</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biotekfaunsoed.wordpress.com/?p=272</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan akut masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia khususnya di Indo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;">Penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan akut masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia khususnya di Indonesia. Meskipun dapat sembuh sendiri pada orang sehat, penyakit ini  dapat menyebabkan hilangnya produktivitas dan menyebabkan kesakitan dan kematian pada usia lanjut. Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut seringkali disebabkan oleh beberapa virus, terutama virus influenza yang merupakan penyebab utama, dan human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) yang kasusnya makin banyak dijumpai.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Banyak studi yang telah dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi virus-virus pada saluran pernafasan diantaranya adalah multiplex Nested PCR, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR atau real-time PCR. PCR merupakan salah satu cara untuk memperbanyak fragmen DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) spesifik secara enzimatik in vitro. Proses PCR menggunakan DNA template (mengandung fragmen DNA yang akan diamplifikasi), dua primer (menentukan daerah awal dan akhir dari DNA yang diamplifikasi), DNA polymeras, Deoxynukleotida-trifosfat, buffer (memberikan kondisi kimia yang cocok untuk DNA polymerase) dan sepasang oligonukleotida primer yang akan menghibridisasi rantai unggal dari arah yang berlawanan dengan DNA target.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nested PCR (N-PCR) adalah suatu metode baru yang dikembangkan untuk dapat mengevaluasi dan mendeteksi virus. Nested PCR dikembangkan karena infeksi pada saluran pernafasan disebabkan oleh jenis virus yang sangat heterogen. Nested PCR dapat mendeteksi 21 jenis virus penyebab infeksi gangguan pernafasan diantaranya adalah virus influenza A (FluA) yang terdiri dari H1N1, H3N2, dan H5N1; virus influenza B (FluB); parainfluenza virus (PIV) tipe 1, 2, 3, 4a dan 4b; respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) A and B; human rhinoviruses (hRVs); human enteroviruses (hEVs) ; human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43); severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; human metapneumoviruses; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Legionella pneumophila dan adenoviruses (ADV-A sampai F). Pengujian multiplex nested PCR terdiri dari lima kelompok uji dimana masing-masing kelompok multiplex nested PCR mendeteksi empat sampai lima virus.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Keuntungan multiplex Nested PCR adalah mempunyai durasi yang lebih cepat dalam mendeteksi virus yaitu selama 35 menit. Metode ini lebih cepat dibandingkan metode konvesional lain seperti isolasi virus dan immunofluorescent test assay (IFA). Dari hasil tes menunjukkan bahwa multiplex Nested PCR lebih spesifik dan lebih sensitif untuk mendeteksi virus. Ini terbukti dengan melihat hasil perbandingan tes berikut :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" width="100%"><col width="17*"></col> <col width="102*"></col> <col width="19*"></col> <col width="40*"></col> <col width="48*"></col> <col width="29*"></col></p>
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">No.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Metode</span></p>
</td>
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">CI</span></p>
</td>
<td width="16%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Rincian</span></p>
</td>
<td width="19%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Hasil 			Keseluruhan</span></p>
</td>
<td width="11%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Satuan</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">1.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Multiplex 			Nested PCR</span></p>
</td>
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">95</span></p>
</td>
<td width="16%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">42,9-54,1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="19%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">48,5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="11%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">%</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">2.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">Isolasi 			virus</span></p>
</td>
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">95</span></p>
</td>
<td width="16%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">15,6-24,6</span></p>
</td>
<td width="19%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">20,1</span></p>
</td>
<td width="11%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">%</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">3.</span></p>
</td>
<td width="40%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;"><em>Immunofluorescent 			Test Assay</em></span><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;"><em> </em></span></p>
</td>
<td width="7%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">95</span></p>
</td>
<td width="16%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">9,7-17,4</span></p>
</td>
<td width="19%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">13,5</span></p>
</td>
<td width="11%">
<p align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial Narrow,sans-serif;">%</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Hasil tes tersebut menunjukkan dan membuktikan bahwa multiplex Nested PCR lebih spesifik. Keuntungan lainnya yaitu multiplex Nested PCR tidak hanya mendeteksi cultivatable virus tapi juga virus yang tergolong noncultivatable, particularly rhinoviruses, coronavirus OC43, dan metapneumoviruses. Jadi kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari studi ini yaitu bahwa multiplex Nested PCR lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dua metode konvensional lain yaitu isolasi virus dan Immunofluorescent Test Assay. Selain itu secara diagnosa multiplex Nested PCR lebih peka untuk mendeteksi gangguan virus-virus pada saluran pernafasan.</p>
<p>Nama  :  Widiana Tiara Permatasari<br />
NIM   :  O1A005056<br />
Contact person :<br />
EmaiL : wyn_snazzy@yahoo.com<br />
Blog    : http://widiana.wordpress.com/</p>
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<title><![CDATA[DINOZAURII MEDIA- Sau cei care influenteaza opinia din Romania]]></title>
<link>http://energienaturala.wordpress.com/?p=186</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Apr 2008 09:11:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>FLORIAN</dc:creator>
<guid>http://energienaturala.wordpress.com/?p=186</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Dinozaurii sunt personaje care au creat institutii media imediat dupa schimbarea regimului comunis]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color:#000080;"> Dinozaurii sunt personaje care au creat institutii media imediat dupa schimbarea regimului comunist. Ei au ajuns atât de puternici încât se pot lupta chiar si cu trusturi straine de presa, cum a fost în cazul conflictelor cu Ringier si WAZ.<br />
 Ei au creat modele de comportament atât în presa centrala cât si în cea locala. Ei au format jurnalisti, tineri gazetari care le-au calcat pe urme, persistând în greselile maestrilor. Totodata, ei formeaza un corp de vectori de opinie, care se protejeaza sau se ataca reciproc dupa vremuri si interese, si care au reusit sa acapareze si sa-si împarta spatiul public românesc.<br />
Daca va imaginati ca un director de cotidian în România este doar un gazetar talentat care toata ziua scrie articole si coordoneaza o echipa editoriala va înselati. Ei bine, timpul dinozaurilor este împartit între îndatoririle editoriale si nenumarate alte afaceri. Unele sunt legate de domeniul presei. Altele nu au nimic de a face cu gazetaria. Tot atâtea puncte pe care le au în comun dinozaurii media sunt dezvoltarea unor afaceri adiacente în paralel cu gazeta pe care au condus-o. Este vorba de afaceri conexe presei – edituri, productie filme, tipografii, difuzare – dar în unele cazuri si de afaceri fara nici o legatura cu activitatea gazetareasca – publicitate, contabilitate, turism, petrol, alcool, restaurante etc. Si în sfârsit, majoritatea gazetarilor s-au legat de-a lungul timpului de diversi oameni de afaceri dubiosi, care le-au finantat proiectele editoriale sau le-au pompat publicitate pentru a nu fi deranjati de eventuale investigatii jurnalistice. </span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;">Referindu-se la jurnalistii care au razbit din regimul comunist în presa de dupa 89, Ion Cristoiu are o observatie interesanta: „Vedetele dintre jurnalistii dinainte de 89 nu au supravietuit”. Cei care au ajuns sa puna bazele presei provin din esaloanele inferioare ale presei comuniste. Este dealtfel modelul pe care l-a urmat si noua clasa politica din România, provenita în marea ei parte din esaloanele secunde ale activistilor PCR si UTC. Mai departe, Cristoiu le reproseaza tuturor conducatorilor de gazete ca nu mai au patima gazetariei: „E o mare problema a lor ca nu au stiut sa se opreasca din îmbogatire. Ca si gazetar trebuie sa ai o rezerva pentru independenta si atât. Ei au acceptat sa fie mituiti de PSD pentru ca au ramas fara ambitie. Toti si-au investit banii în luxul propriu, dar nu au investit în presa. Nu am avut o crestere de la butic la trust.” </span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;">În rest, fiecare dinozaur are o anumita eticheta în breasla jurnalistica.<br />
Sorin Rosca Stanescu si publicatia sa au fost de nenumarate ori acuzate de santaj.<br />
Horia Alexandrescu a fost etichetat ca „jurnalistul de casa” al fiecarei noi puteri, iar ziarele pe care le-a condus erau considerate „ziare cu tiraj confidential”.<br />
Dumitru Tinu a fost banuit pentru relatiile sale de afaceri cu controversatii Fatih Taher si Viorel Hrebenciuc.<br />
Cristian Tudor Popescu om de casa al lui Darie Novaceanu servind interesele FSN si a fostului primministru Petre Roman.<br />
Tatulici înca a mai ramas în memoria jurnalistilor cu reclamele sale desantate la jocul piramidal Caritas, care s-a prabusit în cele din urma, pagubind sute de mii de români.<br />
Voiculescu este vesnic tratat drept fost securit care a gestionat banii lui Ceausescu.<br />
Iar Sîrbu revine constant în atentia presei cu pleiada lui de firme, care mai de care mai datoare la stat. În plus, Cristoiu îl acuza pe Sîrbu ca a distrus presa prin Agentia de presa Mediafax, care s-a jucat cu informatia, lasând sa circule numai anumite stiri.<br />
Referitor la cele doua trusturi autohtone (ale lui Voiculescu si Sîrbu), si Rosca este convins ca cele doua trusturi sunt în mari dificultati financiare, ceea ce are repercusiuni asupra independentei editoriale si le transforma în instrumente de atac sau instrumente politice.<br />
 În sfârsit, Corneliu Vadim Tudor este etichetat în fel si chip de restul jurnalistilor , de la „bufonul national” la „capetenia securistilor reciclati”. </span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;">Având în vedere acest tablou pestrit al facatorilor de media din România, concluzia lui Bacanu se impune de la sine: „lucrurile în România nu se clarifica pâna nu dispare biologic generatia mea”.<br />
Dar cu "puii" acestei generatii, naraviti la bani, se va schimba ceva ?</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#000080;">Mai multe detalii:</span></p>
<p>&#62;<a href="http://www.crji.org/news.php?id=55&#38;l=1" target="_blank"><span style="color:#000080;">http://www.crji.org/news.php?id=55&#38;l=1</span></a></p>
<p>&#62;<a href="http://2007.informatia.ro/Un_Armaghedon_al_presei-213916" target="_blank"><span style="color:#000080;">http://2007.informatia.ro/Un_Armaghedon_al_presei-213916</span></a></p>
<p>&#62;<a href="http://www.mediaindex.ro/index.php" target="_blank"><span style="color:#000080;">Propietari si Jurnalisti</span></a></p>
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