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	<title>keynes &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/keynes/</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Was für ein Wort!]]></title>
<link>http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/?p=196</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2008 14:23:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ebmeierjochen</dc:creator>
<guid>http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/was-fur-ein-wort/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ 
 

 
…oder: Kann von „politischer Ökonomie“ noch die Rede sein?


PollÖck - manch Älterer]]></description>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><img src="/DOKUME%7E1/TEMP/LOKALE%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" /></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:&#34;"><span style="color:#006600;">…oder: Kann von „politischer Ökonomie“ noch die Rede sein?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><img src="/DOKUME%7E1/TEMP/LOKALE%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://polisebmeier.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/rubens-marie_de_medicis_et_louis_xiii.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-198" title="Peter Paul Rubens, Maria von Medici übergibt das Staatsruder an Ludwig XIII." src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/rubens-marie_de_medicis_et_louis_xiii.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="526" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><em><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;">PollÖck</span> -</span></em><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span> </span>manch Älterer (im Westen) erinnert sich peinlich berührt an die „Schulungsabende“, die er in seiner Studentenzeit damit verbracht hat, und manch einem nicht ganz so alten (aus dem Osten) wird heut noch mulmig, wenn er dran zurück denkt. </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">‚Politische Ökonomie’ heißt freilich diese <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Kategorie</em></span> in meinem Weblog <span style="color:#008080;"><em>polis</em></span> in einem spezifischen, von „Pollöck“ nicht erfassten Sinn. </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Zum ersten Mal benutzt hat den Ausdruck <span style="color:#008080;"><em>économie politique</em></span> der französische Eisenwarenfabrikant Antoine de Mon(t)chrétien in seinem 1625 erschienen Buch dieses Namens. Dieser kommt allerdings gar nicht im Text, sondern nur auf dem Titelblatt vor (so wie Marx erst mitten in den <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Grundrissen</em></span> – beim fälschlich so genannten ‚Formen-Kapitel’ – aufgefallen ist, dass er eine <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Kritik</em></span> der Politischen Ökonomie zu schreiben im Begriffe war; und diesen Titel nachgeschoben hat). Tatsächlich enthält Monchrétiens <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Traité </em></span>nichts anderes als eine ungeordnete Sammlung von Ratschlägen an den jungen König Ludwig XIII. – oder eigentlich an dessen in Wahrheit herrschende Mutter Maria von Medici -, wie er „seinen“ Staat am lukrativsten bewirtschaften könne, und war durchgehend in einem streng merkantilistischen Geist gehalten, den Monchrétien in Holland kennen gelernt hatte.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Monchrétien war ein energischer Propagandist des Absolutismus, und das erklärt auch die Wahl des Buchtitels. Der absolute Monarch sollte <em><span style="color:#008080;">seinen</span> </em>Staat, die Polis, behandeln wie seinen eigenen Haushalt – <em><span style="color:#008080;">oíkos</span> – </em>mit dem einzigen Zweck, viel Geld anzuhäufen. Das Staatsbudget und die Schatulle des Monarchen – ganz dasselbe…</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Bekanntlich hat erst der folgende König diesem Rat gehorcht; mit der Folge, dass bei seinem Tod sein Reich so gut wie pleite war.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Aber das von Monchrétien geprägte Wort machte Karriere. Dr. Quesnay, der Verfasser der <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Tableaux économiques</em></span></span><a href="http://polisebmeier.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/quesnay3.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-201 alignright" title="Dr. Quesnay" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/quesnay3.jpg" alt="" width="146" height="217" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"> und Begründer der „Physiokratie“, nahm den Terminus auf und gab ihm eine neuen Sinn, indem er den Staat als „Haushalt“ in Analogie zum lebenden Organismus begriff, mit der <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Zirkulation</em></span> – der Waren oder des Blutes, gleichviel – als seiner Lebensenergie.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Zum „Klassischen System der Politischen Ökonomie“ wurde dieses Fach von zunächst von Adam Smith und schließlich von David Ricardo ausgebaut,</span><a href="http://polisebmeier.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/ricardo.gif"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-204" title="David Ricardo" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/ricardo.gif?w=260" alt="" width="182" height="210" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"> der es von den bei Smith noch vorhandenen „physiokratischen“ Spuren reinigte.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Marx hatte Jahrzehnte lang gemeint, er habe das ‚Klassische System’ zu <em><span style="color:#008080;">vollenden</span>.</em> Aber er scheitert immer wieder – wie übrigens seine Vorgänger an der Frage, wo bei all der Zirkulation äquivalenter Werte ein <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Mehr</em></span>wert entstünde, doch anders als seine Vorgänger, die sich um diese Frage tunlichst gedrückt hatten, kam es Marx <span style="color:#008080;"><em>eben darauf</em></span> gerade an. Und als er die Lösung gefunden hatte – dem Arbeiter wird der Wert seiner Arbeitskraft gezahlt, aber der Kapitaleigner streicht den Wert des Arbeitsprodukts ein -, das war das ‚Klassische System’ zusammengebrochen!<span> </span>Seine <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Vollendung</em></span> stellte sich als seine <em><span style="color:#008080;">Kritik</span> </em>heraus.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Marx hat keine „eigene“ Poltische Ökonomie verfasst. Es gibt keine „marxistische Wirtschaftstheorie“. </span><a href="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/marx21.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-203 alignright" title="Karl Marx" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/marx21.jpg?w=246" alt="" width="246" height="300" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Es gibt aus der Feder vom Marx das gewaltige,</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"> nicht abgeschlossene Konvolut der <em><span style="color:#008080;">Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie</span>,</em> die zum einen die wissenschaftliche Demontage einer falschen theoretischen Lehre darstellt und zum andern eine „Anatomie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft“ liefert. Insofern kann sie als die – nachgetragene – ökonomische Rechtfertigung des politischen Programms der Kommunisten gelten. Aber eine <em><span style="color:#008080;">Theorie des Wirtschaftens</span> </em>ist sie nicht<em>. </em></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Und eine „Politische Ökonomie des Sozialismus“ </span><a href="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/mittag-gunter.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-200 alignleft" title="Günter Mittag" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/mittag-gunter.jpg" alt="" width="140" height="193" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">konnten nur die gedanklich skrupelloses Soldschreiber einer ebenso totalitären wie parasitäre Bürokratie daraus zurecht stoppeln. Gottlob wurden sie gemeinsam abgeschafft.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">In der Zwischenzeit hat Monchrétiens Wortschöpfung im bürgerlichen Lager überlebt, aber ohne Glanz. Seit John Maynard Keynes wird die Wirtschaftspolitologie so genannt, durchaus ohne den Vorgängern Unrecht zu tun, aber ohne jeden Anspruch auf eigentlich <span style="color:#008080;"><em>theoretische</em></span> Erkenntnis, wie er bei Quesnay, Smith und Ricardo lebendig war. Und heute kann man unter „Volkswirtschaftslehre“ nur noch, im dutzend billiger, einander ablösende „Modellrechnungen“ finden, nach denen sei’s die Schäfchen ins Trockene gebracht, sei’s gar die nächste zyklische Krise umschifft würde.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Kurz und knapp: Eigentlich kann man das Wort 'Poltische Ökonomie' heut gar nicht mehr verwenden; man riskiert, sich lächerlich zu machen. Und warum krame ich es dann doch wieder hervor?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">An ihrem Ursprung antwortete die 'politische Ökonomie' auf die Frage: Was muss die Politik tun, damit es der Wirtschaft gut geht? Die <em><span style="color:#008080;">Kritik</span> </em>der politische Ökonomie fragte dagegen: <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Wer ist</em></span> "die Wirtschaft"?  Die Wirtschaftenden; die <em><span style="color:#008080;">Polis</span>? </em>Oder die, die sie sich angeeignet haben?!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;">Wenn ich diees Wort heute wieder benutze - meinetwegen in Gänsefüßchen -, dann in einem ganz bescheidenen, prosaischen, pragmatischen Sinn: In der Welt des Wertgesetzes war das Meiste das Beste: viel Wert, <span style="color:#008080;"><em>mehr</em></span> Wert. Doch <a href="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/vom-ende-der-arbeitsgesellschaft/">der Wert - i.e. der Tauschwert - <em>schwindet</em>.</a> Möglichst viel von etwas, das schwindet - das ergibt keinen politischen <span style="color:#008080;"><em>noch ökonomischen</em><span style="color:#000000;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://polisebmeier.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/monopoly_wii_15_1_30.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-229" title="Spiel" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/monopoly_wii_15_1_30.jpg?w=300" alt="" width="300" height="175" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">Sinn. Die Gesellschaft, auf die wir zu gehen, wird von einem Paradox geprägt sein: Die Art von Arbeit, die 'etwas wert ist', wird kaum noch produktiv, und tendeziell verzichtbar sein. <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Die</em></span> Arbeit, die (dann) allein produktiv sein wird, wird (auch weiterhin) 'nichts wert' sein. Dafür zu sorgen, dass aus einem logischen Paradox nicht ein reelles Desaster wird, ist Aufgabe der <em><span style="color:#008080;">Politik</span>. </em>Wir <span style="color:#008080;"><em>taumeln </em><span style="color:#000000;">ja nicht</span></span> in dieses Paradox. Wir sind seiner gewärtig (oder könnten es sein, was auf dasselbe hinausläuft). Es geht nicht darum, das Politische auf die Notwendigkeiten "des Ökonomischen" einzustellen, wie im Klassischen Sastem der Politischen Ökonomie - und schon gar bei den 'Neoklassikern'  der Keynes'schen Schule. Es geht darum, in "das Ökonomische" so einzugreifen, dass die autonom gewählten Zwecke <span style="color:#008080;"><em>der Polis </em><span style="color:#000000;">be</span></span>fördert und nicht beeinträchtrigt werden.</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">Konkret gesprochen: Was die nach den technischen Umwälzungen der IT-Revolution an <span style="color:#008080;"><em>physischer</em></span> Arbeit noch übrig geblieben sein wird, dessen 'Wert' wird man noch immer <span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">messen</span><em></em></span> können. Aber es wird so <span style="color:#008080;"><em>wenig</em></span> sein, dass keiner davon leben kann. Die eigentlich  <span style="color:#008080;"><em>produktive</em></span> Arbeit wird (allein noch) die Verausgabung, die Aktualisierung  lebendiger <span style="color:#008080;"><em>Intelligenz </em><span style="color:#000000;">sein; aber die wird man nicht <span style="color:#008080;"><em>messen </em><span style="color:#000000;">können;</span></span></span></span> und davon leben folglich schon gar nicht.</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0 21       MicrosoftInternetExplorer4  &#60;![endif]--><!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; 	panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-parent:""; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 	{size:595.3pt 841.9pt; 	margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 2.0cm 70.85pt; 	mso-header-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --><!--[if gte mso 10]&#62; &#60;!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman";} --> <!--[endif]--></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">Die Idee eines <em><span style="color:#008080;">staatlich garanierten Grundeinkommens</span> - </em>zu propagandistischen Zwecken auch "Solidarisches Bürgergeld" genannt - ist ursprünglich aus der Sorge um eine Vereinfachung und Verwohlfeilung unseres Fiskus entstanden; Steueraufkommen und wohlfahrtsstaatliche Transferzahlungen sollten gegeneinander verrrechnet und pauschaliert werden, </span></span></span><a href="http://polisebmeier.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/milton-friedman2.jpg"><img class="size-thumbnail wp-image-226 alignright" title="Milton Friedman" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/milton-friedman2.jpg?w=128" alt="" width="128" height="86" /></a><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">so dass im Schnitt keiner schlechter gestellt, aber der Steuerzahler insgesamt entlastet würde. In eine breitere Öffentlichkeit getragen wurde sie von keinem andern als Milton Friedman, dem </span></span></span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">Herold des Neoliberalismus und Anführer der <em><span style="color:#008080;">Chicago boys</span>; </em>m. a. W. von Beelzebub persönlich. Aber wo der Teufel Recht hat, hat er Recht. Das muss man sagen dürfen, nicht nur die Wissenschaft, sondern schlicht <span style="color:#008080;"><em>die Sache selbst </em><span style="color:#000000;">will es so. Aber der besagte Teufel sitzt </span></span>bekanntlich im Detail.</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Garamond;"><span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">Es mag sein, dass diese Idee -  unabhängig von (fehlenden) politische Merheiten - sich praktisch nicht durchführen lässt, weil sie mehr und größere Probleme aufwirft, als sie lösen kann. Aber als allgemein gültiges politisches Prinzip anerkannt, wäre sie auf jeden Fall ein <em><span style="color:#008080;">Bruch</span> -</em> und es fällt schwer, die hinreichend starken Worte zu finden, wie <em><span style="color:#008080;">radikal</span> </em>er wäre - mit jenem Werte-Gesetz, das unsere Geschichte seit zwölftausen Jahren beherrscht und das lautet: <em><span style="color:#008080;">Wert</span> </em>ist nur das, was das <em><span style="color:#008080;">Bedürfnis</span> </em>von  einem befriedigt, der dir dein Bedürfnis <span style="color:#008080;"><em>im selben Maß</em></span> befriedigt. Es ist das Ende des Prinzips, wonach wir leben, um zu arbeiten; und selbst der Forderung, wonach wir nur arbeiten sollen, um zu leben. Es ist die Sanktionierung des Prinzips: Die Arbeit erledigen die Maschinen; die Menschen kümmern sich um alles<span style="color:#008080;"><span style="color:#000000;">,</span><em> was wichtig ist</em></span>. So wie sie es als Kinder taten, beim Spiel.</span></span></span><a href="http://polisebmeier.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/bauhaus-bauspiel001.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-230" title="Bauhaus-Bauspiel" src="http://polisebmeier.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/bauhaus-bauspiel001.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="345" /></a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Economist/The Osterich]]></title>
<link>http://kennedy121.wordpress.com/?p=266</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 15:23:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>kennedy121</dc:creator>
<guid>http://kennedy121.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/the-economistthe-osterich/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ You&#8217;ve got to feel sorry for those poor writers at The Economist&#8230; all those articles o]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/05_04/035ostrich_468x538.jpg" alt="" width="213" height="226" /> <strong>You've </strong>got to feel sorry for those poor writers at The Economist... all those articles over the years banging on about how unfettered free markets and de-regulation would lead to glorious levels of growth and stability now look pretty pathetic. I'm a subscriber to the journal, but wont be renewing when my sub is over around Christmas. Anyway, I had to chuckle over this paragraph in the current issues 'special report on the world economy';</p>
<p><em>How far should the balance between governments and markets shift? This special report will argue that although some rebalancing is needed, particularly in financial regulation, where innovation outpaced a sclerotic supervisory regime, <strong>it would be a mistake to blame today's mess only, or even mainly, on modern finance and 'free market fundamentalism'</strong>. Speculative excesses existed centuries before securitisation was invented, and governments bear direct responsibility for some of today's troubles. Misguided subsidies, on everything from biofules to mortgage interest, have distorted markets. Loose monetary policy helped to inflate a global credit bubble. Provocative as it may sound in today's febrible and dangerous clime, freer and more flexible markets will still do more for the world economy than the heavy hand of government."</em></p>
<p>Oh dear. It must be tough seeing ones entire ideological framework collapse before your ver eyes, but it seems the Economist has decided to put plant their heads firmly in the sand and pretend nothing's really happened. Only free markets can save the world! Even though it's the unregulated free markets and shadow banking system that has put us in peril as well as having 85% of the world's money sloshing around 'off-shore' under the present regime of unadulterated movement of capital.</p>
<p>Of course ideologues must defend their raison d'etre, and for The Economist and their readers, it's probably quite a shock to have to do so considering they've held the day since the late 1970s and were arrogantly proclaiming 'the end of history' in Fukuyama's own proposterous words. What is worse than defending a bankrupt (no pun intended) system while it is failing is apportioning blame on other parties in a desperate bid to shore up your own position. How Neo-libs can blame governments for these problems is beyond me considering govs have been hamstrung for years now as control a straight-jacketed fiscal policy, unable to spend on what their citizenry need most (quality healthcare, pensions etc) all for the sake of the free market and 'efficiency/productivity'. Supposedly we should be wating, arms outstretched for any wealth created to trickle down from the pockets of rich to the rest of us. When 1% of the worlds adults own 40% of global assets, you know your system is fucked;</p>
<p>"A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total."</p>
<p>Call me old fashioned, but I'm more a fan of Keynsian economics with government intervention and the creation of demand especially in times of economic crisis. If there's got to be a captialist system, let's have a sober version of such. As we're already in a recession and there is a looming global depression we'll see a reversion back to this greater regulated and 'sane' capitalism as governments realise the market doesn't know best (although it does know the best way to concentrate wealth among the very properous few). The most right wing US administration in decades has even seen fit to intervene as markets free-fall.</p>
<p>The thing is, journals such as The Economist and many economic 'experts' feel that markets have been distorted as they have not be completely unfettered, and more needs to be done to free them up. Luckily, due to the current crisis, this will never happen, but that will also mean that these sections of the academic community will always claim, 'well, of course neo-liberalism didn't work, it wasn't implemented fully'. This is total BS, the argument has been lost on their part and hopefully stability and oversight will be hugely increased as the global economic framework is completely re-written.</p>
<p>Another reason I wont be renewing my subscription is due to The Economists' appalling undermining of South American democracy (in academic terms of course). I read an article last week concerning Ecuador's president Correae winning a referendum to make changes to the constitution (with oversight) by a wide margin and on a large voter turnout. If this had happened in Britain (where legislation is regularly forced through parliament that isn't debated, hasn't been put to the people through a referendum and by a government that won a small percentage of votes cast in an election barely anyone voted in) they wouldn't blink an eyelid. Yet due to Ecuador having democratically elected a leftist leader (through fair and just means) who doesn't subscribe to the journals ideoligical standards, Correa is fair game. Check out these excerpts that highlight my point;</p>
<p><em>"ON SEPTEMBER 28th Ecuadorians voted by an almost two-thirds majority (64%) to approve a new constitution—Ecuador’s 20th since independence—giving President Rafael Correa sweeping new powers and the possibility of remaining in office until 2017. This, he says, will consolidate his “citizens’ revolution” and bring stability to this chronically unstable Andean nation that has had eight presidents in the past 11 years. <strong>But many Ecuadorians worry that the left-wing populist president is creating a Venezuelan-style autocracy</strong>."</em></p>
<p>How the hell can you be creating an autocracy if changes you make are mandated through democratic elections?! Calling Venezuela an autocracy will be overlooked here due to the statements absurdity.</p>
<p><em>"Ecuador’s seeks to create a new “people’s power”, giving an appointed citizens’ council oversight of the other branches of government. It also allows a president to hold office for two consecutive four-year terms, instead of just one."</em></p>
<p>Two four year terms?! Wow, that's almost a dictatorship!!</p>
<p>"<em>One clause even calls for the state to maintain price stability."</em></p>
<p>Yes, removing those in Latin American countries has always been a major success for the ordinary working people in the past! </p>
<p>Such sorry excuses for journalism, riddled with hypocrisy and double standards has got on my wick in recent weeks meaning I've barely read issues, even though I've already paid for them. Whats worse is that I had my sub extended an extra week recently as I called up to tell them an issue hadn't arrived even though it had and I just didn't realise (major idiocy on my part there yes)!</p>
<p>Sorry everyone at The Economist, but you've lost the argument... NEXT!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Financial crisis, baby]]></title>
<link>http://smadjur.wordpress.com/?p=8</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 13:35:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>david</dc:creator>
<guid>http://smadjur.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/financial-crisis-baby/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Finanskris. Centralbanker får gå in och garantera småspararnas pengar. Börsen störtdyker. Röda]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Finanskris. Centralbanker får gå in och garantera småspararnas pengar. Börsen störtdyker. Röda siffror överallt. Vi är påväg utför.</p>
<p>Överallt ser vi dystra rubriker och nyhetssändningar. Men så mycket är psykologiskt, en självuppfyllande nedgång. Man kan ställa sig frågan hur mycket som egentligen späs på av den dystra stämningen i medier och nyhetsrapporteringar. Röda siffror överallt. Hade nedgången på börsen istället visats med någon annan färg än röd hade säkert folk känt sig åtminstone yttepytte-lite bättre till mods än vad de gör idag. Mycket mer spelar roll än vad man tror.</p>
<p>Riksbankens motsvarigheter i Europa och USA går in som lender of last resort, i Tyskland garanterar centralbanken 100 procent av långivarnas pengar tillbaka om bankerna går omkull. I Sverige får man tillbaka 500 000 kronor. Det är ingen fara, ingen bankpanik kommer att uppstå, det är själva syftet med Riksbanken. <em>"Centralbanking: the best invention since the wheel" </em>som en ekonom en gång uttryckte det. Det är bara ett bevis på att en fri otyglad marknad inte fungerar. De senaste veckornas förstatligande av olika tidigare privatägda banker är ett bevis på detta. Förenklat uttryckt: Keynes hade rätt, Friedman fel.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entre Smith y Keynes]]></title>
<link>http://mujercristianaylatina.wordpress.com/?p=4506</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 11 Oct 2008 00:37:35 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>pauloarieu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mujercristianaylatina.wordpress.com/2008/10/11/entre-smith-y-keynes/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Mariano Grondona | Ver perfil
Opinión
Entre Smith y Keynes
Por Mariano Grondona
Especial para  lan]]></description>
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<div class="columnistaTop"><strong class="color">Mariano Grondona</strong><span class="grisMedio"> &#124; </span><a class="modal" title="Abre en ventana modal" href="void(0);">Ver perfil</a></div>
<div class="columnista floatFix"><img src="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/imgs/diario-de-hoy/opinion/columnistas/f_609.jpg" alt="" width="93" height="96" /><span class="volanta">Opinión</span></p>
<h3><span style="color:#00ccff;">Entre Smith y Keynes</span></h3>
<div class="bajada">Por Mariano Grondona<br />
Especial para <strong> lanacion.com </strong></div>
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<p>Miércoles 8 de octubre de 2008 &#124; <strong>01:58 (actualizado hace 3 días)</strong></div>
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<p>"Pese a su natural egoísmo y rapacidad, el rico divide involuntariamente con el pobre el producto de todos sus artificios. Está manejado por una mano invisible para hacer casi la misma distribución de las necesidades de la vida que hubiera hecho una persona equitativa". Así enunció el escocés Adam Smith, en su Teoría de los sentimientos morales, el famoso principio según el cual, si se deja obrar a los hombres según su natural egoísmo, lo que resulta es el bien de la sociedad. Como era deísta, Smith creía en una Providencia que nos armoniza por encima de nosotros mismos. Esta creencia fue, a partir de Smith, el fundamento de la fe liberal en el dinamismo del mercado.</p>
<p>Al amparo de esta fe en la mano invisible del mercado, Europa, los Estados Unidos y la propia Argentina crecieron extraordinariamente hasta que la crisis mundial de los años treinta los paró en seco. Esta vez le correspondió a un inglés, John Maynard Keynes, advertir que en determinadas situaciones, aun cuando los individuos actúen de una manera racional, pueden producir entre todos, involuntariamente, una catástrofe. Es decir que la "mano invisible" de Smith, en lugar de ser beneficiosa, puede resultar en ocasiones extremadamente perjudicial.</p>
<p>Demos un ejemplo. En medio de una gran crisis como la que hoy angustia al mundo, ¿qué otra conducta podría ser más racional desde el punto de vista individual que bajar el gasto y aumentar el ahorro? Ahora veo que una serie de economistas bien intencionados nos están aconsejando precisamente esto a través de los medios. ¿Pero qué pasaría si todos siguieran su consejo? Que, como lo verificó Keynes en los años treinta, darían inicio a una monumental recesión en cuyas aguas se ahogarían hasta sus propios consejeros.</p>
<p>La historia muestra, pues, que no hay una sino dos manos invisibles. En tiempos que consideraríamos normales, cuenta la mano invisible que describió Smith. Pero en tiempos de crisis cuenta la otra mano, la mano de Keynes. Por eso en estos días predomina en vez del mercado el Estado, que está gastando ingentes recursos para prevenir la recesión. Keynes suponía que, pasada la crisis, el Estado cedería otra vez su lugar al mercado. Quizá no previó que, una vez que se enciende su gusto por el poder, el Estado no se retira fácilmente de la escena y da lugar, en vez de la recesión, a la inflación. Es que tanto el mercado como el Estado son, después de todo, humanos y, como tales, imperfectos, siendo nuestro destino oscilar del liberalismo al estatismo y viceversa, según pasan los años.</p>
<div class="notaFecha floatFix"><strong>Notas relacionadas</strong></div>
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<div class="notaRelacionadas noprint"><span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 03:18 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057341">Wall Street no se recuperó tras el anuncio del recorte en las tasas: cayó 2%</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 06:53 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057345">Gran Bretaña anunció un millonario programa de rescate bancario</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 07:31 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057347">La bolsa de Rusia suspende sus operaciones</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 08:58 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057351">Advirtió Lavagna que blanquear capitales puede ser "tremendamente negativo"</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 09:00 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057352">Reclaman una respuesta global y coordinada frente a la crisis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 09:17 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057354">Colapsa el sistema financiero islandés y temen por los ahorros</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 09:37 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057356">La crisis golpea la economía real española</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 09:53 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/fotos/itemgaleria.asp?galeria_id=228" target="_blank">FOTOGALERIA: el derrumbe de los mercados</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 10:07 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057362">El FMI redujo drásticamente las perspectivas de crecimiento</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 10:10 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057364">La UIA pronostica un "daño muy grande" para la industria nacional</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 10:38 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057367">El Fondo Monetario Internacional prevé una inflación de un dígito para el país en 2008 y 2009</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 10:42 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057371">Brasil: la bolsa cambia de tendencia</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 11:25 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057378">Se disparó el dólar a $ 3,24 y cae el Merval</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 12:02 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057383">Toman medidas urgentes en Italia por la crisis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 12:50 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057390">Polémica por las vacaciones de ejecutivos de AIG tras el rescate</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 13:05 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057392">Cómo invertir dinero en medio de la crisis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 13:08 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057393">Ex ministros de Economía y analistas recomiendan cómo enfrentar la crisis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 13:36 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057399">En la Argentina, los depósitos están garantizados hasta $30.000</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 14:00 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057401">Los mercados en Japón sufrieron su peor sesión bursatil en 21 años</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 15:55 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057418">El Banco Mundial alertó por la "crisis humana"</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 16:00 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057419">Bush habló con Lula y con Merkel sobre la crisis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 16:44 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057426">La foto que habla, por NIK</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">08.10.2008 &#124; 17:13 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057444">Cristina reconoció que la Argentina no saldrá indemne de la crisis</a></div>
<div class="notaRelacionadas">
<p><strong>A quien le interesó esta nota además leyó:</strong></p>
<p><span class="nota-hora">10.10.2008 &#124;  				02:17 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057991">Moyano aún no se enteró de la crisis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">10.10.2008 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057978">Brasil, preocupado y preocupante</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">10.10.2008 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057915">La actividad física moderada reduce el impacto de la artritis</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">10.10.2008 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1058002">Sin un plan oficial a la vista</a><br />
<span class="nota-hora">09.10.2008 &#124; </span><a href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1057630">Curiosa comida por Alberto Fernández</a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Economisti embrionali]]></title>
<link>http://knutwicksell.wordpress.com/?p=172</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 21:54:52 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Knut Wicksell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://knutwicksell.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/economisti-embrionali/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ora, io posso pure scherzare sopra. Posso pure godere di questa autentica bancarotta intellettuale d]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;">Ora, io posso pure scherzare sopra. Posso pure godere di questa autentica <a href="http://quadernino.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/in-attesa-del-manifesto-antirazzista-di-borghezio-sulla-padania/">bancarotta intellettuale</a> di due generazioni almeno di economisti. E posso pure passare sopra alle macerie di una disciplina - l'<strong>economia politica</strong> - ridotta da ormai oltre due decenni all'autoreferenzialità più totale (fino al punto che anche gli addetti ai lavori avevano smesso di leggersi fra di loro). Mi chiedo però cosa ne sarà di quella nuova generazione di economisti, quelli che - per intenderci - sono da poco entrati nelle strutture universitarie e/o di ricerca. Perchè io sono convinto che i vari Barro, Blanchard, Giavazzi, Alesina, Mankiw, nella loro vita embrionale, una leggiucchiata di nascosto ad Hayek, a Keynes, a Ricardo, a Wicksell ce l'avranno data, magari per sbaglio. E quindi qualcosa a cui attaccarsi per rifarsi una verginità dopo anni di <strong>delinquenza professionale</strong> ce l'hanno. Un giovane rampante che nemmeno sa chi siano Bohm Bawerk o Von Mises rischia di ritrovarsi con le gomme a terra ancora prima di partire.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Some thoughts on Keynes and the global economy]]></title>
<link>http://lassekalheim.wordpress.com/?p=12</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2008 13:21:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>lassekalheim</dc:creator>
<guid>http://lassekalheim.wordpress.com/2008/10/08/some-thoughts-on-keynes-and-the-global-economy/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Those who have followed the global economy since the reversion of, at least in part, the Glass-Steag]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0;">Those who have followed the global economy since the reversion of, at least in part, the Glass-Steagall Act through the Glamm-Leach-Bliley Act should have seen the credit crunch coming. Those who have followed the global economy since the credit crunch should have seen the current problems in the making. Imprinted in my mind is an excited monetarist commentator, at the time of rising indices, on CNBC Worldwide Exchange saying that Europeans could sustain twice the level of debt because 'look at the United States (<em>sic</em>)! Imprinted is also Chomsky's observation that most post-war growth was Keynesian (<em>Understanding Power</em><span style="font-style:normal;">, p 74-75).</span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0;"><span style="font-style:normal;"><br><br><br>Despite the very poor record of financial institutions and actors in financial markets, mainstream media continues to rely on financial commentators (who often have an interest in financial markets) to comment on a problem they, in part, created. Not surprisingly, they are opposed to proven social-democratic solutions where governments buy banks, gets the system working, and sells it back to private owners at a profit (i.e. the actions of Scandinavian governments following the last banking crisis). Many financial commentators in mainstream-media have recently wanted private sector solutions. Yet, as much as it pains me to quote CNN's Richard Quest off the top of my head, governments can do things the private sector can't</span><span style="font-style:normal;">—</span><span style="font-style:normal;">print money and issue debt, consequently never running out of money. Maybe it's time for the private sector to realise its own limitations. Furthermore, it does not matter if large personal fortunes are decimated</span><span style="font-style:normal;">; unemployment and real wages are far more important—</span><span style="font-style:normal;">it's the economy, stupid! </span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0;">
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0;"><br><br>Going from the national to the international level there is another widely commented issue: global problem, national solutions. There are no global institutions to deal with these problems—the World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group are all ill-equipped for the current problems. Why are not Keynes' proposed International Trade Organisation and International Clearing Union considered? I would recommend reading Susan George's article <a href="http://mondediplo.com/2007/01/03economy">'Alternative finances: the world trade organisation we could have had'</a>. Systems designed to merely benefit the wealthy are generally bad for the economy as a whole. Policies in line with the thinking of Ayn Rand and her followers have proven catastrophic—let's instead dust, and open, our Keynesian text-books.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[El Animal Spirit de Keynes]]></title>
<link>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/?p=856</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 23:58:53 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alejandrogregori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/2008/10/07/el-animal-spirit-de-keynes/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Si habrá repetido esta frase mi amigo Seba, el &lt;espíritu animal&gt; de los empresarios. Así e]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-859" title="turbina-rolls-royce" src="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/turbina-rolls-royce.jpg" alt="" width="382" height="303" /></p>
<p>Si habrá repetido esta frase mi amigo Seba, el &#60;espíritu animal&#62; de los empresarios. Así es como se refería Keynes a ese olfato, a esa forma de actuar de aquellos que emprenden, que se animan. He aquí la cita:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“La mayoría de nuestras decisiones de hacer algo, cuyas consecuencias completas se desarrollarán a lo largo de<span> </span>una sucesión de años, puede que sean el resultado exclusivo de nuestros instintos –de una especie de resorte que nos invita a la acción más que a la inacción- y que no es el resultado de un cálculo, por elemental que sea, de los beneficios esperados y de sus respectivas probabilidades. El espíritu animal actúa impulsado sólo por sus propias prospecciones, por muy ingenuas que puedan ser y se basa en una serie de cálculos que no serán mucho más exactos que los que se hacen al planear una expedición al Polo Sur. Por esto, si nuestros instintos se tornan débiles y el optimismo espontáneo vacila, dejándonos a solas con nuestros cálculos matemáticos de expectativas, el espíritu animal desvanece y muere, aunque los temores a incurrir en pérdidas pueden no tener una base más racional que las esperanzas de obtener beneficios.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Se puede afirmar, sin miedo, que el espíritu animal que depende de las esperanzas puestas en el futuro beneficia a la comunidad, pero la iniciativa individual sólo será adecuada cuando al cálculo y la racionalidad se le añada el apoyo de los instintos, de forma que la idea de contabilizar pérdidas que puede detener a los pioneros se deja a un lado, al igual que el hombre lleno de salud hace caso omiso de la idea de que alguna vez tendrá que morir”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Teoría General – El estado de las expectativas a largo plazo - Keynes</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Deficit: A four letter word?]]></title>
<link>http://unpopulardissent.wordpress.com/?p=63</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 06:58:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>David Perkins</dc:creator>
<guid>http://unpopulardissent.wordpress.com/2008/10/07/deficit-a-four-letter-word/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Tonight on CBC News: The National (with the ever-so charismatic Peter Mansbridge), a panel of Econom]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tonight on CBC News: The National (with the ever-so charismatic Peter Mansbridge), a panel of Economics experts (The Economic Club of Canada) unanimously not only recommended that the next government consider deficit spending to stimulate Canada's economy during the upcoming depression, but also maintained that Canada could afford it:</p>
<blockquote><p>"If we try to avoid deficits at all costs, at all levels of government, we're only going to prolong the slowdown." - Avery Schenfeld</p></blockquote>
<p>In 3 clips shortly thereafter, the three major party leaders were quite dismissive of such action. Stephen Harper's reply, as an "economist" himself said:</p>
<blockquote><p>"Well, my resistance to running a deficit would be that history has shown there are no small deficits. Once governments lose fiscal discipline, they lose it entirely."</p></blockquote>
<p>After rhetorically defending the jobs of the working class, their savings, pensions, and homes, from the scourge of the Conservative Party, Jack Layton, too, was popped the deficit question. Jack's response?</p>
<blockquote><p>"No. We don't believe that's the way to go."</p></blockquote>
<p>Layton's plan was to increase taxes for businesses by reducing the cuts made by the Conservatives, and to use the income generated by that policy to fund economic stimulation. As for Dion? He's not safe either. He adamantly stated that,</p>
<blockquote><p>"We need a government, that believes in the role of the government to help the people."</p></blockquote>
<p>His stance on deficit spending?</p>
<blockquote><p>"No, we don't want to cause a deficit, it's very clear that a Liberal government will not cause a deficit."</p></blockquote>
<p>Dion is also critical of Layton's policy recommendation for increasing corporate taxes. He says that it's a "job killer" (The Journalist's, not Dion's words). Canadian politicians are obviously not ready to concede that deficit spending <em>may</em> be a viable way to stimulate the economy, at least not while they're campaigning. The economists are even recommending it. Why the hesitation?</p>
<p>Just why is "deficit" a four letter word, anyway? Partially because the concept itself hearkens back to the days of Keynesian welfarism and demand-side economics. When Margaret Thatcher was elected Prime Minister of the UK, she, and many people like her (Reagan, Fukiyama) took it upon themselves to dismantle the welfare state to benefit corporations at the expense of the public sector. With the illusion of corporate efficiency via the profit motive, Keynes' mantra of state saving in the good times and state spending in the bad was thrown out in favour of minimal government intervention. The market is perfect, it will regulate itself; the less government intervention, the better.</p>
<p>However, it has become increasingly obvious that the capability of the market to "regulate itself" was a false promise made by those with vested economic interests and enough money to survive without government aid. The market will blindly pursue profit at the expense of performing any risk assessment, as in the case of the mortgage crisis in the 'States. The facade of attributing God-like divinity unto the market, which is based in its entirety on human interpretation and confidence, can only deceive for so long.</p>
<p>The United States has just taken it to the next level: they not only cherish their supposedly free market, but also are willing to deficit spend to <em>keep it free</em>. Am I the only one who sees the glaring contradiction here? $700-billion (<a title="U.S. Fed makes an extra $150B cash available" href="http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2008/10/06/fed-money.html" target="_blank">or the newest projection of $850-billion</a>) for the Wall Street bigwigs to furnish their luxury homes before they actually go bankrupt, taken from those people who need it the most.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, it's far more difficult to reverse the neo-conservative (neo-liberal) revolution than it was to demolish the welfare state. With businesses investing their billions in countries, governments can't afford to increase taxes or create state-sponsored competition; doing so would just scare away the corporations. They'd just "up and leave."</p>
<p>When the interventionist state was demolished in the UK and subsequently the US, it was during a time of economic downturn. Thatcher and Reagan vilified the welfare state, and accused it of the economic hardships facing their respective countries. This rhetoric resonated within the consciousness of the electorate, and these neo-cons were elected on a mandate of corporatist reform and the demolition of the public sector (not to mention nationalised industries and unions). Until public consciousness becomes aware of the failings of neo-liberalism, this paradigm adverse to deficit spending will continue to thrive, at the expense of the very people it purposes to help.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Is This It?]]></title>
<link>http://boatangdemetriou.wordpress.com/?p=756</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2008 17:07:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Kevin Boatang</dc:creator>
<guid>http://boatangdemetriou.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/is-this-it/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[For the economy 2008 will always be remembered as the year in which everything went seriously wrong,]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>For the economy 2008 will always be remembered as the year in which everything went seriously wrong, but it could be remembered as the year it all ended.</p>
<p>As I flick through the news (I just happen to be off sick today, when I phoned work the world was fine, when I turned the news on two hours later it was down the toilet) all I see is a sea of red. Everything is down pretty much. People are pulling out of nearly every share, every soft, every currency.</p>
<p>This is not the normal pull out.</p>
<p>Previously, when America was in control and the world awaited the bail out decision, banking shares fell, oil fell, but not everything. This is carnage, this is an all out bloodbath. No longer can anyone be stupid enough to say the system should be allowed to fail. Right now that would be equal to standing up in 1914 and saying trench warfare is a wonderful idea.</p>
<p>The Great Depression. Ah, that old chestnut, the crafty old thing. It is held up and looked at in light of the current situation more often then anything else, and for good reason. However, up until now we haven't seen the real comparison.</p>
<p>What caused the Great Depression to happen after the Wall Street Crash was rampant protectionism. There are slight differences in that in 1930 the Bank of the United States was simply allowed to fall, which is why the bail out now is so important. But after that, it all went wrong big time, the walls went up.</p>
<p>Then, people cut back spending, because even though the market rallied and the government spent, they were, bluntly, skint. When people don't buy, companies go bust, consumer confidence and ability to spend are everything. That is why the unnecessary panic and money moving (seriously, why have you got more than £50k in one account, just sitting there?) are so dangerous and the media hyping so painful to witness.</p>
<p>Then the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot-Hawley_Tariff_Act" target="_blank">protectionists got there way</a> and it all went poo. By the way, that was the Republicans....</p>
<p>Now, we haven't got morons like Smoot, Hawley and Hoover around at the moment (he says whilst looking over his shoulder), but we do have the argument between Keynesism and monetarism. This is the same argument for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_depression#Causes" target="_blank">causes of the Depression</a> and is as valid now as it was then.</p>
<p>This is where the great, the one and only Milton Friedman steps to the fore, the great libertarian was of the view that simply letting the the banks fall was on a par with playing the violin whilst Rome burnt. Yes, there is the moral hazard argument, but it creates panic, bank runs and total meltdown (I hope Ian at Question That is reading this) and, most importantly, a crises in the money supply.</p>
<p>Now, in America this has been avoided and this is why the bail out is so important, in Europe states have stepped in to save most institutions. The machine requires oil, where that oil comes from in a time of chaos is not really open for debate, the central bank is the only shop open.</p>
<p>So, why are we facing a meltdown? Europe. Iceland, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, they have all decided to raise the barriers. The response to secure would be understandable if it were necessary. It is not.</p>
<p>The only security needed is consumer confidence, that can be done by explaining the situation, explaining that anything up to, now, £50,000 is safe and then introducing a simple measure to secure the temporary transaction of large sums of money, such as house purchases. If you are dumb enough to keep more than £50,000 in one account after that then that is your problem.</p>
<p>The politicians are trying to blame the banks and the people are falling for it, the banks can't do anything because there is no liquidity and so the people panic. The politicians then don' do the above to calm them, they make stupid comments like Merkel yesterday, confusion reigns.</p>
<p>The politicians of course don't want everyone to realise that hey have been complicit in running the economies of the world on debt. Howver, it is this debt that has been allowed to happen that is causing the deflationary effect of fewer loans, less credit.</p>
<p>America, unlike 1930, has done its part in buying up the bad debt at great cost. The EU has fractured and go it alone, causing the chaos we now see. They haven't put up tariffs in a traditional sense, but in effect they have created a money security crises. Money is now 'safe' in some countries, 'not' in others. It is of course safe in every country, but a unified response was required in Europe, a firm hand and political intelligence. We have ended up with none of this and the Anglo-Saxon economies, so attacked by Germany and France, are the ones pulling their hair out.</p>
<p>The box is now open. The markets are falling, fear is king. Interest rate slashing didnt work for Japan in 1990 and it won't work now. The market needs to release funds, the central banks need to drop interest rates by a sensible measure (the BoE should be loking at .5%) and politicians need to grow some balls and stand firm.</p>
<p>Otherwise we're all fucked.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[economics]]></title>
<link>http://drinkme.wordpress.com/?p=226</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 05 Oct 2008 19:26:09 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>drinkme</dc:creator>
<guid>http://drinkme.wordpress.com/2008/10/05/economics/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m not an economist.  I have a dad who teaches economics, but who I don&#8217;t always agree ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I'm not an economist.  I have a dad who teaches economics, but who I don't always agree with, a sister who studies economics, but who I usually disagree with, two half brothers who are in the private sector and have some practical familiarity with how economics works, but who I don't talk to that often, and I've read stuff here or there that might count as economics, but nothing too technical.  I am really trying to understand what is going on at the moment, but it seems as if very few people have much of a clue, to be honest.  </p>
<p><a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2201534/">This article</a> actually seemed to hit the nail on the head, for me.  The problem is we don't really know what kind of economy we're in anymore.  It's not really free market capitalism as we envisioned it ideally at some point in the past.  But it's not socialism or communism or the other end of that false dichotomy either.  And it's not fascism or something either.  </p>
<p>The thing is that so-called "free market capitalism" has hardly really existed, at least not on a large scale; it was an ideal that didn't actually play out in the real world - well, maybe Marx was kinda right about that at least; it -was- too turbulent, but that didn't result in a revolution or a communist state, but just regulation and restructuring.  We started printing money that was government-backed in the 30s; that isn't the free-market capitalism that 19th century economists were talking about anymore, it's already something else, although what exactly isn't clear.  And ever since then we've been reconfiguring the economy in a variety of ways.  </p>
<p>So this market freeze up - not a market collapse, by the way, but a lack of liquidity - came about because of a series of decisions made over the last number of years that have resulted in a more homogenous market.  According to a lecture I attended a couple weeks ago, the answer ought to have been fairly simple - transparency is a bad idea (it's basically allowing banks to know how they're being judged before they're assessed, so they can sort of cheat the test, so to speak); we should always target leverage for regulation, equally in all markets; and we should have contra-cyclical provisions, since there will always be some natural cycles.  This sounds a little different than the bill that got passed, so I dunno what the lecturer I heard would have said about the bail-out, and I would have loved to have heard debates over it.  </p>
<p>Instead I just heard Obama / Biden make some bullet point lists and McCain say he was a hero for goin' to Washington and Palin ??? ...yeah anyway.  Bill Clinton did talk a little bit when he did the talk show circuit but never with someone who understood what he was saying enough to have a real back and forth..  There were a few politicians on other news shows (like brian lehrer) who got into a little detail, including Hillary Clinton, who were a little more coherent, but usually to promote the passage of the bill, so about the consequences of doing nothing rather than about doing something different.  I didn't hear any economists argue for doing nothing, only people online who had a sense of righteousness but not necessarily a sense of rational understanding.</p>
<p>The idea that putting $700billion into the economy through wall street now is just a favor to wall street and we're basically helping out rich folks and screwing decent regular people who have to pay for it seems to misunderstand the interconnectedness of everything.  If the banking industry falls apart, then universities with endowments will have less money (since endowments are usually invested), so your school won't be able to offer as much financial aid to you next year, or build that new science lab; and hospitals with endowments will have the same problem - fire some nurses or drop the MS research or the free clinic - something's gotta give.  These things will reverberate as people who would have been employed, educated or assisted aren't any longer...  While non-profits that rely on endowment funds usually invest very safely, looking to the long term, they will still feel the pain if things go south, and if the entire banking industry were to implode, it would implode on us...</p>
<p>Now, if that's what you want - if you're hoping for capitalism to fall apart to see what happens next, that's one thing.  But if you're just hoping for some bankers to learn their lessons and for you to be fine, that's another.  I don't know that capitalism would fall apart -it would probably just morph into some kind of plutocracy or new kind of capitalism, as it's been doing for the last century, since, like I said, and that article linked above laid out, it hasn't really been straightforward laissez-faire capitalism for a long time, if such a thing ever really existed. Even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism">Wikipedia</a> agrees that capitalism is "confined to theory" and only "mixed economies" really exist.</p>
<p>As for those who believe the market will just start itself up again because it's the market and that's what it does, perhaps it would eventually.  But if everyone is in debt and left to be in debt, with no new money pumped in by an outside source (and the government, by the power of the people, is the creator of money - which is why taxes are important), what will get things moving again?  Basically, I imagine things would get moving again when they get low enough that it will be a good enough deal for someone to feel as if they can afford to make an investment (if they still had the money).  That means that the market will get moving again when things get bad enough for someone to make money off it... So is it fair to let real people suffer through all the pain of the difficult times if we could possibly do something to prevent or lessen it?  That could be a long time, and very real to those whose lives it affects.  Or I guess eventually China could buy us out or something...</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Requiem para o neoliberalismo? Ainda é cedo]]></title>
<link>http://outrapolitica.wordpress.com/?p=3124</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 04 Oct 2008 20:01:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>maritamari</dc:creator>
<guid>http://outrapolitica.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/requiem-para-o-neoliberalismo-ainda-e-cedo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Na opinião da professora e economista Leda Paulani, em entrevista concedida por e-mail para a IHU O]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://outrapolitica.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leda_paulani_590.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-3127" title="leda_paulani_590" src="http://outrapolitica.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leda_paulani_590.jpg?w=225" alt="" width="225" height="300" /></a>Na opinião da professora e economista <strong>Leda Paulani</strong>, em <strong>entrevista</strong> concedida por e-mail para a IHU On-Line, Keynes ensinou que a teoria do livre mercado não funciona. "Quanto mais deixado a si mesmo, quanto menos regulado, tanto mais forte desponta sua tendência de se enroscar em suas próprias pernas, gerando crises como essa de agora", afirma ela. "A crise de hoje é um misto de crise clássica com crise estritamente financeira e, tanto num quanto noutro lado, a crise de confiança está presente". Em outras palavras, completa Paulani, "será muito difícil e demorado reativar a máquina do crédito, sem a qual a economia capitalista funciona muito mal".</p>
<p>Ao falar sobre a contribuição da teoria de Keynes, a economista acredita que certamente o autor diria a Lula para "não desperdiçar a oportunidade aberta pelo pré-sal e impor controles aos fluxos de capital, recuperando assim os graus de liberdade necessários para conduzir a política cambial e a política monetária de modo geral".<!--more--></p>
<p>Em relação à crise financeira internacional, Paulani vê como evento mais provável "a afirmação do discurso neoliberal, de modo que não é tão cedo que rezaremos sua missa de réquiem".</p>
<p>Leda Paulani é doutora em Teoria Econômica, pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Obteve livre docência pela mesma universidade e é presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Economia Política, pesquisadora do Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e professora da USP, além de ser autora de obras como <em>Modernidade e discurso econômico</em> (São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 2005) e <em>Brasil Delivery: servidão financeira e estado de emergência econômico</em> (São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 2008). A professora esteve na Unisinos, participando do Ciclo de Estudos Fundamentos Antropológicos da Economia, no qual apresentou o pensamento de Guy Debord (1931-1994), com a palestra A mercadoria como espetáculo, em 17 de outubro de 2007. Confira a entrevista.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - Em que sentido as teorias de Keynes podem ser úteis no sentido de compreender a crise financeira internacional? Keynes contribui para vislumbrarmos alguma saída ou alternativa?<br />
Leda Paulani</strong> - A principal contribuição de Keynes, que salta à vista com esta crise, foi ele ter demonstrado que o sistema capitalista não produz por si mesmo o equilíbrio e a harmonia que a teoria econômica convencional (neoclássica) apregoa. Antes o contrário. Quanto mais deixado a si mesmo, quanto menos regulado, tanto mais forte desponta sua tendência de se enroscar em suas próprias pernas, gerando crises como essa de agora. Marx,  de seu jeito, mostrou a mesma coisa. Dentre outras coisas, Keynes mostrou que, quando a crise é de confiança, não adianta muito oferecer liquidez, que o que é preciso é mostrar ao capital privado que há demanda no horizonte e que essas demandas viabilizam novos investimentos. A crise de hoje é um misto de crise clássica com crise estritamente financeira e, tanto num quanto noutro lado, a crise de confiança está presente. Isso indica que o tal pacote pensado pelo sr. Paulson talvez não seja suficiente para enfrentar o problema, mas, dada a atual pressão sobre os gastos governamentais americanos e o tamanho da dívida que eles já assumiram (os EUA vêm vivendo de dívidas já há alguns anos), a solução vislumbrada por Keynes, mesmo que fosse um dos remédios, está longe do alcance do governo americano. Em outras palavras, será muito difícil e demorado reativar a máquina do crédito, sem a qual a economia capitalista funciona muito mal.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - A senhora acredita que a crise financeira internacional pode provocar mudanças no capitalismo?<br />
Leda Paulani</strong> - A questão estrutural que está por trás disso tudo foi a mudança no sistema monetário internacional nos anos 1970 do século passado e que manteve a moeda americana como meio internacional geral de pagamento, mesmo com seu vínculo ao ouro tendo sido rompido. Isso deixou os Estados Unidos com a faca e o queijo na mão, pois sua moeda  continuou a ser hegemônica, como já era desde Bretton Woods (1944),  sem que a economia americana tivesse que pagar por isso o elevado preço de mantê-la permanentemente valorizada, o que colocava em xeque a competitividade de sua economia. Os EUA usaram e abusaram desse poder e pilotaram a chamada financeirização da economia. Por isso, já há algum tempo, se fala que o dólar americano vem perdendo as credenciais que permitem tal situação privilegiada, argumentando-se que o surgimento do euro, bem como o fortalecimento da economia chinesa e asiática, estariam mudando essa situação. A crise de agora oferece a esse tipo de argumento um forte elemento, pois, para além da desvalorização diária da moeda americana frente a outras moedas, coloca-se agora também a nu a fragilidade orgânica da economia americana. Nesse sentido, portanto, se a crise trouxer alguma mudança de peso no sistema capitalista, essa mudança estará sem dúvida relacionada à questão do dinheiro mundial. Não podemos esquecer, contudo,  que o dólar americano continua sendo a moeda constitutiva de mais de 70% das reservas monetárias mundiais, o que por si só indica que essa transição do dólar para outra moeda qualquer não deverá ser nem tão simples nem tão rápida.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - Em que medida a crise financeira internacional está relacionada com o fenômeno da financeirização da economia? Como Keynes analisaria o caso?<br />
Leda Paulani</strong> - Evidentemente, crise e financeirização estão diretamente ligadas. Quando se fala em financeirização, o  fenômeno que se quer capturar é o aumento crescente da importância da lógica financeira, de caráter rentista, que o capitalismo vem experimentando desde pelo menos o início dos anos 1980 do século passado. Empiricamente, isto é visível na comparação entre o crescimento da riqueza financeira mundial (ações e debêntures, títulos de dívida privados e públicos e aplicações bancárias) e o crescimento do PIB mundial. Entre 1980 e 2006, o primeiro cresceu mais de 14 vezes, enquanto o segundo não chegou a cinco. O aumento da importância da lógica financeira é proporcional ao crescimento da riqueza financeira e aos interesses materiais atrelados a esse crescimento. Ora, a lógica financeira, vale dizer, aquela que procura "fazer dinheiro" sem passar pela esfera produtiva, é a "matriz de todas as formas aloucadas de capital" e da "capacidade que o sistema tem de ir além de si mesmo". O pai dessas idéias não é Keynes, mas Marx. Foi ele quem melhor definiu o crédito e o capital financeiro. É só na teoria de Marx que há um conceito tão importante quanto o de capital fictício, apto a esclarecer o caráter da crise de agora. Resumidamente, significa que se prega o rótulo de capital em muita coisa que está efetivamente longe de sê-lo. No entanto, como não se trata aí de ilusões subjetivas, mas de ilusões objetivamente constituídas, essas formas descarnadas começam a mandar no sistema como um todo. A posição disso num contexto que tem dinheiro inconversível funcionando como meio de pagamento internacional constitui uma combinação altamente explosiva e ainda mais contraditória do que as relações que constituem a espinha dorsal do capitalismo.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - Como Keynes veria o chamado "livre mercado"?<br />
Leda Paulani </strong>- Keynes foi um dos maiores críticos do livre mercado. Como já afirmei, ele duvidou seriamente da capacidade de o livre mercado produzir resultados equilibrados e convergentes com aquilo que se poderia chamar de "ótimo social". Quando escreveu a Teoria geral do emprego, do juro e da moeda, seu livro mais conhecido, ele já tinha à sua frente, como exemplo concreto de que sua desconfiança tinha fundamento, a crise dos anos 1930 do século passado. Como liberal que era e amante da sociedade organizada pelo mercado, entendeu que para salvar o capitalismo de si mesmo era preciso que o Estado, que, em princípio, pauta-se por uma outra lógica, vale dizer, uma lógica distinta da mera busca do lucro, estivesse permanentemente monitorando a máquina capitalista. Marx desconfiou tanto quanto Keynes da capacidade do sistema capitalista de produzir harmonia e simetria, enfatizando, inversamente, sua tendência a produzir desproporções cavalares, enormes concentrações de capital, miséria extrema e crises abissais. Como não tinha nenhum amor por esse tipo de sociedade, que considerava, ao contrário do que apregoava o liberalismo, tão violenta e discriminatória quanto as formações sociais anteriormente inventadas pelo homem, e como trabalhou com a lógica da contradição, fez uma crítica muito mais abrangente e fundamentada do que a de Keynes.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - Seria o caso de retomar a macroeconomia keynesiana?<br />
Leda Paulani</strong> - A macroeconomia keynesiana transformou-se num evento historicamente datado. É só num quadro como o que brotou  da crise de 1930 e das duas guerras mundiais,  sob a moldura da guerra fria, que tal macroeconomia pôde ter vida plena. Mas essa página a História já virou. Ficam alguns dos alertas de Keynes, como a necessidade de regular os mercados, principalmente o mercado financeiro, o que leva, por exemplo, à necessidade de controlar os fluxos internacionais de capital.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - Como entender historicamente a construção do cenário financeiro internacional atual?<br />
Leda Paulani</strong> - O cenário financeiro internacional atual é resultado de profundas transformações que estão em curso desde os anos 1960 do século passado, muitas delas resultantes do próprio sucesso das políticas de intervenção que vigoram desde o final da Segunda Guerra, tanto no centro do sistema capitalista quanto em suas periferias. O período de mais de 60 anos que se estende desde 1945 pode ser analisado de vários ângulos. O mais interessante, do ponto de vista da crise que ora presenciamos, é aquele que percebe o mundo construído a partir de Bretton Woods como uma derrota das chamadas altas finanças e do "financismo" e simultaneamente uma vitória da produção real de bens e serviços e, por conseguinte, do capital produtivo. Ora, esses anos dourados do capitalismo, quando a lógica produtiva dava as cartas e colocava as finanças a seu serviço, terminam no início dos anos 1970 do século passado, década na qual se combinam uma reversão cíclica, a enorme elevação dos preços de insumos básicos, a começar pelo petróleo, o fim oficial de Bretton Woods, com a desvinculação do dólar ao ouro, e o empoçamento de liquidez na city londrina, uma praça off shore, cujo crescimento de importância foi transformando o mundo capitalista e mudando o bastão de comando da esfera produtiva para a esfera financeira. A ascensão do neoliberalismo foi a contraparte ideológica dessa mudança.</p>
<p><strong>O admirável mundo novo da globalização</strong><br />
O retorno vitorioso das altas finanças ao papel de  mandarim se consagrou  e se reforçou com a difusão dessas idéias, que não se limitaram a pregar o fim da "repressão financeira", mas a ditar uma cartilha completa de reformas e ajustes que os estados nacionais deveriam empreender para recuperar sua saúde econômica e conquistar um lugar ao sol no admirável mundo novo da globalização. O resultado desse comando prolongado e do mundo desregulado e governado exclusivamente pela lógica do mercado (que, nesse quadrante histórico, consumou-se como lógica financeira), estamos vendo agora. Entretanto, isso não quer dizer que, nesse meio tempo, os estados nacionais tenham enfraquecido. Ao contrário, eles se fortaleceram de várias formas, inclusive com os meios violentos necessários para submeter todo o sistema econômico aos caprichos da valorização financeira e para viabilizar a extração de renda real que, de uma forma ou de outra, com maior ou menor correspondência, deve estar por trás do crescimento do capital fictício. Geopoliticamente, isso significou o fortalecimento dos EUA, situação que evidentemente se complica agora, mas cuja mudança radical não acredito que tão cedo aconteça.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - A senhora acredita que o neoliberalismo está se aproximando do fim?<br />
Leda Paulan</strong>i - O discurso livre-cambista não deve se enfraquecer por causa dessa crise. Ao contrário, a crise será um belo álibi para  a continuação da pregação anterior e para o reforço da exigência de mais reformas, mais ajustes, mais cortes de direitos, pois afinal estamos numa situação emergencial. Mesmo que a realidade desminta frontalmente a crença nas virtudes do mercado deixado a si mesmo, o discurso neoliberal continuará impassível a desfiar os seus disparates. É muito difícil que os EUA dêem o nome aos bois em relação à prática intervencionista que vêm adotando. Eles continuarão a pregar as virtudes do mercado e de sua capacidade auto-regulatória. Além do mais, mesmo que reste um tanto debilitada, a riqueza financeira deverá continuar a ver seu peso crescer como proporção da riqueza total, o que torna difícil acreditar que subitamente o discurso se altere.</p>
<p><strong>IHU On-Line - Como avalia a postura do governo brasileiro? Se atingido pela crise, terá como se reerguer usando como "força" o vangloriado crescimento econômico? O que Keynes poderia ensinar a Lula?<br />
Leda Paulani</strong> - A reação do governo brasileiro tem sido errática, ora afirmando que "a crise é lá deles" ou que o país não será afetado por ela, pois fez a "lição de casa" e os "fundamentos" da economia estão mais sólidos, ora concedendo que, de uma forma ou de outra, seremos afetados. Bem, é evidente que, sendo a crise do tamanho que é, dificilmente passaremos incólumes. Por mais que nosso sistema financeiro não tenha se envolvido no tipo de operação que detonou a crise, o aumento da insegurança e a perda de confiança nos negócios em geral tornarão, como já vêm tornando, muito mais difícil para as empresas que operam na economia doméstica a obtenção do crédito externo, fácil, barato e abundante de que até então desfrutavam, além de afugentar boa parte do capital que para cá tem vindo em busca dos elevados rendimentos e de ativos a preços baixos oferecidos pela economia brasileira. Além disso, a necessidade de honrar compromissos assumidos em outras praças deve levar embora outro tanto de capital.</p>
<p>Acrescente-se ao cenário a maior fragilidade de nosso balanço de pagamentos (vide a estrutura muito mais rígida que hoje apresenta o balanço de serviços e rendas) e as conseqüências da crise para o desempenho de nossa balança comercial. O aumento do valor do dólar, com conseqüente desvalorização da moeda doméstica, pode não ser suficiente para compensar a queda de demanda pelas commodities que uma crise muito funda nos EUA provocará na economia mundial, particularmente no gigante chinês. Tudo somado, o tempo de bonança em nosso balanço de pagamentos pode estar chegando ao fim. Keynes certamente diria a Lula para não desperdiçar a oportunidade aberta pelo pré-sal e impor controles aos fluxos de capital, recuperando assim os graus de liberdade necessários para conduzir a política cambial e a política monetária de modo geral. Resta saber se a banca vai permitir tamanha autonomia. Como afirmei anteriormente, o evento mais provável é a afirmação do discurso neoliberal, de modo que não é tão cedo que rezaremos sua missa de réquiem.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Contratar una persona para hacer un pozo y otra para taparlo y otra para hacerlo y otra para taparlo... ]]></title>
<link>http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/?p=822</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2008 23:17:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alejandrogregori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/2008/10/03/contratar-una-persona-para-hacer-un-pozo-y-otra-para-taparlo-y-otra-para-hacerlo-y-otra-para-taparlo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Varias veces había escuchado de boca de Alberto la famosa parábola de Keynes sobre los pozos y la]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-823" title="camion-mezclador" src="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/camion-mezclador.jpg" alt="" width="455" height="282" /></p>
<p>Varias veces había escuchado de boca de Alberto la famosa parábola de Keynes sobre los pozos y la creación de empleo que ahora me encuentro en la Teoría General:</p>
<p>"Si el Tesoro Público se pusiera a llenar botellas viejas con billetes de banco, las enterrara a una profundidad conveniente en minas de carbon abandonadas que luego se cubrieran con los escombros de la ciudad y encomendáramos a la iniciativa privada, es sí, de acuerdo con los principios del laissez faire, la tarea de desenterrar los billetes (por supuesto con la oportuna concesión administrativa sobre el suelo) no sería necesario más paro y, a través de las repercusiones que esto tendría, probablemente la renta real y la riqueza de la comunidad llegarían a ser mucho más grandes de lo que realmente son. En verdad sería más razonalbe construir casa o cosas parecidas, pero si existen dificultades políticas o técnicas para hacerlo así, mejor aquello que nada"</p>
<p>Teoría General - La Propensión Marginal a Consumir y el Multiplicador - J.M.Keynes</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Adeus à revolução neoclássica]]></title>
<link>http://outrapolitica.wordpress.com/?p=3084</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Oct 2008 21:30:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>maritamari</dc:creator>
<guid>http://outrapolitica.wordpress.com/2008/10/03/adeus-a-revolucao-neoclassica/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Robert Skidelsky, 3 de outubro de 2008
A ameaçadora quebra do Lehman Brothers e a venda forçada do]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://outrapolitica.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/friedman.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-3087" title="friedman" src="http://outrapolitica.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/friedman.jpg?w=224" alt="" width="224" height="300" /></a>Robert Skidelsky, 3 de outubro de 2008</p>
<p>A ameaçadora quebra do Lehman Brothers e a venda forçada do Merrill Lynch, dois dos maiores nomes das finanças, marcam o fim de uma era. Mas, então, o que virá a seguir?</p>
<p>Os ciclos de modas econômicas são tão antigos como os ciclos econômicos e normalmente são causados por profundos distúrbios na atividade empresarial. Os ciclos "liberais" são seguidos por ciclos "conservadores", que dão lugar a ciclos "liberais" e assim por diante.</p>
<p>Nos Estados Unidos, ciclos liberais são caracterizados por intervenções do governo e ciclos conservadores, pelo recuo do governo. Um longo ciclo liberal estendeu-se dos anos 30 aos 70, seguido por um conservador, de desregulamentação econômica, que agora parece ter chegado ao fim. Com a estatização de dois gigantescos bancos hipotecários dos Estados Unidos, Fannie Mae e Freddie Mac, na seqüência de outra nacionalização também promovida neste ano, a do britânico Northern Rock, os governos começaram a intervir de novo, para evitar a dissolução do mercado. Os dias entorpecentes da economia conservadora acabaram - por ora.<!--more--></p>
<p>Cada ciclo de regulamentação e desregulamentação é desencadeado por crises econômicas. O ciclo liberal passado, associado à política do "New Deal" do presidente Franklin Roosevelt e do economista John Maynard Keynes, foi acionado pela Grande Depressão, embora ainda fossem necessários os volumosos gastos governamentais da Segunda Guerra Mundial para que entrasse na marcha apropriada. Durante os 30 anos de era keynesiana, os governos no mundo capitalista geriram e regularam suas economias para manter o pleno emprego e moderar as flutuações econômicas.</p>
<p>O ciclo conservador seguinte foi despertado pela inflação da década de 70, que pareceu ser produto das políticas keynesianas. O guru econômico dessa era, Milton Friedman, sustentava que a busca deliberada pelo pleno emprego estava fadada a alimentar a inflação. Os governos deveriam concentrar-se em manter o dinheiro "sadio" e deixar a economia tomar conta de si mesma. A "nova economia clássica", como ficou conhecida, ensinava que, na ausência das rudes interferências do governo, as economias gravitariam naturalmente para o pleno emprego, maior inovação e melhores índices de crescimento.</p>
<p>A crise atual do ciclo conservador reflete a acumulação maciça de dívidas de difícil recuperação, tornada visível após o debacle das hipotecas de má qualidade, que se iniciou em junho de 2007 e agora se disseminou para todo o mercado de crédito e afundou o Lehman Brothers. "Pense um uma pirâmide invertida", escreve o executivo de banco de investimento Charles Morris. "Quando mais se reivindica sobre a produção real, mais cambaleante fica a pirâmide".</p>
<p>Quando a pirâmide começa a tombar, o governo - isto é, os contribuintes - precisam intervir para refinanciar o sistema bancário, reanimar os mercados hipotecários e evitar o colapso econômico. No entanto, quando o governo intervém nessa escala, costuma ficar por um longo tempo.</p>
<p>O que está em questão aqui é o dilema sem solução mais antigo da economia: as economias de mercado são "naturalmente" estáveis ou precisam ser estabilizadas pela política? Keynes enfatizava a fragilidade das expectativas sobre as quais se baseia a atividade econômica em mercados descentralizados. O futuro é intrinsecamente incerto e, portanto, a psicologia do investidor é volúvel.</p>
<p>"A prática da calma, da imobilidade, da certeza e segurança, de repente se rompe", escreveu Keynes. "Novos medos e esperanças assumirão, sem aviso prévio, o controle da conduta humana". Este é uma descrição clássica do "comportamento de manada" que George Soros identificou como característica predominante dos mercados financeiros. É tarefa do governo estabilizar as expectativas.</p>
<p>A revolução neoclássica sustentava que os mercados eram muito mais estáveis ciclicamente do que Keynes imaginava, que se pode saber de antemão os riscos em todas as transações de mercado e que os preços sempre refletirão probabilidades objetivas.</p>
<p>Tal otimismo em relação ao mercado levou a uma desregulamentação dos mercados financeiros nos anos 80 e 90 e à subseqüente explosão de inovações financeiras, que tornaram mais "seguro" captar empréstimos de somas cada vez maiores respaldadas em ativos com altas previsíveis. A bolha de crédito, recém-estourada, alimentada pelos chamados "veículos de investimento estruturado" (SIVs, na sigla em inglês), derivativos, "obrigações garantidas por outros títulos" (CDOs) e classificações de risco de crédito "AAA" ilegítimas, foi construída a partir das ilusões de modelos matemáticos.</p>
<p>Ciclos liberais, dizia o historiador Arthur Schlesinger, sucumbem à corrupção do poder; ciclos conservadores, à corrupção do dinheiro. Ambos têm seus custos e benefícios característicos.</p>
<p>Contudo, se olharmos para os antecedentes históricos, o regime liberal dos anos 50 e 60 foi mais bem-sucedido do que o regime conservador que o sucedeu. Com exceção da China e Índia, cujo potencial econômico foi desatado pela economia de mercado, o crescimento econômico foi maior e muito mais estável na era dourada keynesiana do que na era de Friedman; seus frutos foram distribuídos de forma mais eqüitativa; conservou-se melhor a coesão social e hábitos morais. São vantagens importantes para levar-se em conta diante certa lentidão econômica.</p>
<p>A história, é claro, nunca se repete exatamente. Hoje há sistemas de interrupção da negociação em bolsas para evitar um desabamento no estilo de 1929. Mas quando o sistema financeiro, deixado à própria sorte, fica congelado, como ficou agora, somos claramente encaminhados a uma nova rodada de regulamentação. A indústria ficará livre, mas as finanças serão mantidas sob controle.</p>
<p>Os ciclos das modas econômicas mostram como a economia está longe de ser uma ciência. Não se pode pensar em nenhuma ciência natural na qual a ortodoxia oscile entre dois pólos. O que dá à economia a aparência de uma ciência é que suas proposições podem ser expressas matematicamente, abstraindo-se de muitas características decisivas do mundo real.</p>
<p>A economia clássica da década de 20 abstraiu o problema do desemprego, supondo que não existia. A economia keynesiana, por sua vez, abstraiu o problema da incompetência e corrupção das autoridades, supondo que os governos eram administrados por especialistas benevolentes e oniscientes. A "nova economia clássica" de hoje abstraiu o problema da incerteza, supondo que poderia ser reduzida a riscos mensuráveis (ou contra os quais se podia proteger).</p>
<p>Afora um ou outro gênio, os economistas moldam suas suposições para que se adaptem ao estado das coisas atual, e então as cercam de uma aura de verdade permanente. São mordomos intelectuais servindo aos interesses dos que estão no poder, e não observadores vigilantes da realidade em mutação. Seus sistemas os prendem na ortodoxia. Quando os eventos, por algum motivo, coincidem com seus teoremas, a ortodoxia que adotaram goza seu momento de glória. Quando os fatos mudam, torna-se obsoleta. Como escreveu Charles Morris, "intelectuais são indicadores confiáveis com atraso, guias quase infalíveis do que costumava ser verdade".</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La propensión marginal a consumir en las comunidades ricas]]></title>
<link>http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/?p=795</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2008 00:43:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alejandrogregori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/2008/09/26/la-propension-marginal-a-consumir-en-las-comunidades-ricas/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Dice Keynes en el capítulo &#8220;El principio de la demanda efectiva&#8221;
&#8220;[...] no sólo ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dice Keynes en el capítulo "El principio de la demanda efectiva"</p>
<p>"[...] no sólo la propensión marginal a consumir es más débil en las comunidades ricas sino que, debido a que la acumulación de capital es ya muy elevada, las oportunidades de emprender nuevas inversiones son menores salvo que el tipo de interés caiga con la rapidez suficiente, lo que nos conduce a la teoría del interés y a las razones por las que falla en ajustarse automáticamente a un nivel apropiado, cuestión de la que nos ocuparemos en el libro IV"</p>
<p>En el gráfico de abajo se puede ver la relación entre el consumo privado y el PBI tanto para EEUU, Japón como para la Argentina desde 1960 a 1990. En este sencillo ejemplo no parece muy cierto que la propensión marginal a consumir sea más débil en los países más ricos como dice Keynes. Si bien hasta 1975 Argentina tenía una propensión marginal a consumir más alta que la de EEUU a partir de ese momento la situación se invirtió quedando la PmgC de EEUU más arriba que la de Argentina.</p>
<p><a href="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/argentina-japon-y-eeuu-relacion-consumo-respecto-a-pbi-1960-a-1990.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-796" title="argentina-japon-y-eeuu-relacion-consumo-respecto-a-pbi-1960-a-1990" src="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/argentina-japon-y-eeuu-relacion-consumo-respecto-a-pbi-1960-a-1990.jpg" alt="" width="455" height="217" /></a></p>
<p>Otro detalle interesante es que la relación entre el consumo y el PBI de Argentina tiene, a simple vista, una mayor correlación con la de Japón que con la de Estados Unidos. Excepto para los años alrededor de 1975 en donde cae fuertemente para luego recuperarse y estabilizarse en un nivel menor al anterior a 1975.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La propensión marginal a consumir]]></title>
<link>http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/?p=789</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2008 00:18:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alejandrogregori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/2008/09/26/la-propension-marginal-a-consumir/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Correlación Consumo y PBI Argentina 1810 a 2004
Estoy entretenidísimo con la lectura de la Teoría]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[[caption id="attachment_790" align="aligncenter" width="455" caption="Correlación Consumo y PBI Argentina 1810 a 2004"]<a href="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/correlacion-consumo-y-pbi-argentina-1810-a-2004.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-790" title="correlacion-consumo-y-pbi-argentina-1810-a-2004" src="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/correlacion-consumo-y-pbi-argentina-1810-a-2004.jpg" alt="Correlación Consumo y PBI Argentina 1810 a 2004" width="455" height="303" /></a>[/caption]
<p class="MsoNormal">Estoy entretenidísimo con la lectura de la Teoría General de Keynes, hay tantos conceptos que nunca había leído de primera fuente. Ahora me topé con la propensión marginal a consumir:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Por lo tanto vamos a definir la propensión marginal a consumir como una función χ entre la renta en términos de unidades de salario Y<sub>w</sub> y el consumo que se hace de esta renta C<sub>w</sub>, por tanto:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">C<sub>w</sub>= χ(Y<sub>w</sub>) ó C=W. χ(Y<sub>w</sub>)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">El gasto en consumo de una comunidad evidentemente depende: 1) en parte de su renta, 2) en parte de las circunstancias objetivas que se dan y 3) en parte de las necesidades, costumbre y propensiones sicológicas de las personas que la integran así como de los principios que gobiernan su distribución entre ellos (que pueden experimentar variaciones a medida que la producción se incrementa)”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">Y más adelante continúa:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Llegamos, pues, a la conclusión de que, en una situación determinada, la propensión a consumir puede considerarse como una función bastante estable, una vez eliminadas las variaciones de la unidad de salarios en términos de dinero. Los cambios inesperados en los valores del capital pueden hacer variar la propensión a consumir y los cambios sustanciales del tipo de interés y de la política fiscal pueden producir también diferencias, pero el resto de los factores objetivos que intervienen, aunque no deben dejarse a un lado, no es probable que tengan demasiada importancia en circunstancias ordinarias.</p>
<p>En el gráfico de arriba está la correlación entre el consumo privado y el PBI de Argentina para los años 1810 a 2004. De la correlación lineal entre ambas variables se desprende que la propensión marginal histórica de la Argentina es del 68%</p>
<p>La propensión marginal a consumir I: Los factores objetivos - Teoría General - Keynes</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Regulation hell]]></title>
<link>http://aristotlethegeek.wordpress.com/?p=868</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:52:27 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Aristotle The Geek</dc:creator>
<guid>http://aristotlethegeek.wordpress.com/2008/09/24/regulation-hell/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Times of India has this to say in its editorial on the US financial disaster-
There are some peo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <em>Times of India</em> has this to say in its <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Editorial/Not_Apocalypse_Now/articleshow/3519743.cms">editorial on the US financial disaster</a>-</p>
<blockquote><p>There are some people, such as former White House economist Nouriel Roubini, who feel that the government’s active role in rescuing Wall Street firms is turning America into a socialist state. There are others, particularly in India, who sees the crisis as proof of the inevitable failure of markets and capitalism. Both these views are wrong. <em><strong>There is nothing in capitalist systems that prevents the government from regulating markets.</strong> Indeed, that is the contribution of Keynesian economics, which requires the state to help maintain growth and stability in free market economies.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>And a <em>Reuters</em> <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE48M5DU20080923?sp=true">report</a>-</p>
<blockquote><p>Critics say the "Washington Consensus," a term referring to the market liberalization pursued by the IMF and the U.S. administration, has led to today's meltdown.</p>
<p>"It was so patronizing, first it was the lazy Latinos, then it was the corrupt Asians and their crony capitalists," said Professor Stephany Griffith-Jones, a leading authority on capital flows and developing economies.</p>
<p><strong>"The lesson is you need to regulate everything. Any deregulated market in developed and developing countries leads to these results,"</strong> said Griffith-Jones, Executive Director of the Initiative for Policy Dialogue at New York's Columbia University.</p></blockquote>
<p>From the preface to the German edition of JM Keynes' <em>The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</em>-</p>
<blockquote><p>"The theory of aggregate production, which is the point of the following book, nevertheless can be much easier adapted to the conditions of a totalitarian state than the theory of production and distribution of a given production put forth under conditions of free competition and a large degree of laissez-faire."</p></blockquote>
<p>A <a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1955/keynes.htm">Marxist interpretation</a> of Keynesian economics-</p>
<blockquote><p>Not only from the Keynesian, but from any realistic point of view, government intervention is now regarded as an inescapable necessity. An increasing amount of “welfare-economics” is advocated by the proponents both of the “welfare-state” and of private enterprise. But even though nobody seems to doubt that government control is here to stay, the question of its character remains controversial. The Keynesians are generally for more government intervention, but as the consistent increase of government regulation and deficit-financing is synonymous with the transformation of the private into a state-capitalism system, it is often opposed as a form of “creeping socialism.” Because Keynesianism may also be regarded as a transitory state towards a completely government-regulated capitalist economy, it has become the theory of social reform within the capitalist system. It stands thus in strictest opposition to Marxism which concerns itself not with social reform but with the abolition of the capitalist system.</p></blockquote>
<p>State capitalism is socialism. Pity people fail to understand that. Unfortunately, China seems to be the new inspiration as far as "US capitalism" goes.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The mother of all bailouts]]></title>
<link>http://blogideologic.wordpress.com/?p=1401</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:31:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>blogideologic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://blogideologic.wordpress.com/2008/09/24/the-mother-of-all-bailouts/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Citesc pe blogul domnului Vlad Popa articolul “Portretul padurarului ratat care a incercat sa salv]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-family:&#34;"><span style="font-size:small;">Citesc pe blogul domnului Vlad Popa articolul <em>“Portretul padurarului ratat care a incercat sa salveze economia SUA: Henry Paulson”</em>, </span><a href="http://hymerion.wordpress.com/2008/09/23/portretul-padurarului-ratat-care-a-salvat-economia-sua-henry-paulson/"><span style="font-size:small;color:#800080;">http://hymerion.wordpress.com/2008/09/23/portretul-padurarului-ratat-care-a-salvat-economia-sua-henry-paulson/</span></a><span style="font-size:small;"> .</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-family:&#34;"><span style="font-size:small;">Henry<span>  </span>Paulson va rămâne un nume în istoria pieţelor financiare prin faptul că el a pus la cale<span>  </span>imensa operaţiune de salvare financiară -"the mother of all bailouts"--, fără să propună şi vreo argumentare teoretică pentru aceasta operaţiune de open market. Prin aceasta, Henry<span>  </span>Paulson se<span>  </span>abate şi de la preceptele Keynes, şi de la preceptele Hayek.<span>  </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-family:&#34;"><span style="font-size:small;">Titus Filipas</span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Inflación y salarios monetarios]]></title>
<link>http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/?p=744</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 21 Sep 2008 15:06:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alejandrogregori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/2008/09/21/inflacion-y-salarios-monetarios/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Para que se dé que el nivel general de los salarios monetarios se encuentre en baja tiene que exist]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal">Para que se dé que el nivel general de los salarios monetarios se encuentre en baja tiene que existir un contexto muy particular. A saber, uno en donde el nivel de precios no pueda aumentar. Tiene razón Keynes cuando dice: “Desde el momento en que la movilidad del factor trabajo es imperfecta y los salarios no tienden a igualar las ventajas netas de cada uno de los empleos, cualquier individuo o grupo que acepte una reducción de sus salarios monetarios, respecto a otros, experimentará una reducción de sus salarios reales relativos y esto es razón bastante para que se resista”. Por eso mismo es que es muchísimo más fácil para el público aceptar una reducción de su salario real vía aumento de la inflación que vía reducción de su salario monetario o nominal. Porque se siente que la inflación “es para todos igual”. Aún cuando es sabido que la inflación afecta más a los pobres que a los ricos. Mientras que la reducción del salario monetario podría hacerme perder poder adquisitivo frente a otros que no se hayan reducido el salario monetario.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">En el gráfico que sigue está en rojo graficada la inflación anual y en azul la variación de los salarios monetarios de la Argentina desde 1963 a 2004. Está clarísimo que el único período en donde los salarios monetarios estuvieron en baja fue durante la convertibilidad. Justamente ese es el contexto particular que se tiene que dar para que los salarios monetarios se encuentren en baja. Un contexto en donde por decisión del Banco Central la cantidad de dinero en circulación no se quiera o no se pueda expandir. Lo que implica que no se genera la inflación necesaria para erosionar los salarios reales y así llevar a la economía a otro nivel de empleo más alto.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://alejandrogregori.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/salario-nominal-e-inflacion-argentina-1963-a-2004.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-745" title="salario-nominal-e-inflacion-argentina-1963-a-2004" src="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/salario-nominal-e-inflacion-argentina-1963-a-2004.jpg" alt="" width="455" height="299" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">De manera que: 1) El Banco Central, a través de su política monetaria, sí puede modificar el nivel de empleo. Incluso más, es el encargado de que los salarios se encuentren en su justa medida para asegurar el nivel de pleno empleo. Tiene que calibrar los precios para que la economía se encuentre en condiciones de procrearse. Precios estables y que no estén ni apreciados ni depreciados. Los tiene que ir llevando de manera correlativa con la cantidad de valor que la economía está produciendo. 2) El público tiene una tendencia a aceptar más las bajas en su salario real vía inflación que vía reducción de su salario monetario. O como dice Keynes: “Cualquier sindicato se resistirá a una reducción de los salarios monetarios por pequeñas que sean pero ninguno declara la huelga cada vez que aumenta el coste de la vida”.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[GLOBAL TOTALITARIAN POLICE-STATE &amp; TECHNOTRONIC SOCIETY: EXTENDING CAPITALIST LIFE]]></title>
<link>http://unladtau.wordpress.com/?p=191</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 03:48:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>erleargonza</dc:creator>
<guid>http://unladtau.wordpress.com/2008/09/19/global-totalitarian-police-state-technotronic-society-extending-capitalist-life/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Erle Frayne Argonza
Let me go back to the question of what lies ahead of us—when ‘late’ capit]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Erle Frayne Argonza</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Let me go back to the question of what lies ahead of us—when ‘late’ capitalism dies and yet capitalism will be extended.<span>  </span>I am not discounting the possibility that capitalism’s life span will be extended, but this will no longer be ‘late’ capital, just to remind everyone.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">You better fasten your seat belts, as the stormy days ahead will come for sure, and as this heraldry from me will sound as stormy already as those times ahead. Stormy heraldry, because (a) you will not come to like it and that (b) its impact will be so nauseating and revolting that you’d rather sedate yourself most quickly with wine, liquor, pot or anything that can reduce that revulsion. I forgot, for the fundamentalists, you’d pray for hours to allay your fears. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">By the time ‘late’ capital arrived up to the current juncture, or roughly the whole of the post-Great Depression era, the following developments have come about:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">State intervention/planning was infused into the system. Post-war former colonies proceeded on their industrial development tracks along this dirigist market model. The USA and Europe were saved from collapsing, emerging markets appeared. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0;"><span style="font-size:small;font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 0 .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Market reforms were later introduced, bringing back free market and free trade principles. Centrally planned economies China and Vietnam infused market reforms to construct a ‘social market’ model, while former socialist states folded up in Eastern Europe and 3<sup>rd</sup> world states.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0 0 0 .5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 0 .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">The era of ‘mad economics’ resulted from the system integration efforts of ‘instrumental reason’. The dividing line between the rational and the mad in decision-making and system maintenance was effectively deconstructed and erased. In esoteric-mystical argot, this era is the period of the Demonic Mind, the era of Anti-Christ.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0 0 0 .5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 0 .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">‘Virtual economy’ based on predatory financial practices of creating values from out of money flows (rather than from concrete production) was exemplified by ‘bubble economies’. Bubble bursts were followed by destructive, catastrophic crises and shrinkages of affected economies. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0 0 0 .5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 0 .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Nation-states’ economies came to be integrated into a single economy, via globalization. A planetary economy was already institutionalized, yet no planetary state exists to regulate conduct of commerce and business at a global level. The contradiction between the norms of the planetary economy and the interests of the nation-state has led in no small measure to the fragmentation of nation-states and <span> </span>emergence of mini-states. Globalization has been undermining the nation-state in general. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0 0 0 .5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 0 .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">All of such developments will hyper-converge in the months ahead in a general system crisis characterized by hyper-inflation, great depression, and total system collapse. As the economist Lyndon LaRouche correctly perceived, that collapse phase is now taking place at a rapid rate. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0 0 0 .5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 0 .25in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font:7pt &#34;">        </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Wars and hostilities are intensifying across the globe. Surrogate wars of world powers have also been rehearsed, such as the Georgia-Russia conflict. All of these conflicts will hyper-converge in a World War III or intercontinental war, the duration of which no one can forecast so easily. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0 0 10pt .5in;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">So, going back to the issue, if the ‘virtual economy’ cannot be sustained and its collapse will bring the final death blow on ‘late’ capital, is it possible to extend capitalism’s life span? Yes, the possibility is very likely. But the context emerging from the resolution of the general global crisis will hardly resemble what you’ve ever seen before nor imagine.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">First of all, the consolidation of the system and attempts to prolong it can never take place without draconian police state tactics. As Lenin correctly emphasized, the dividing line between liberalism and fascism is a superficial one. Neo-fascism will become the political modality in order to save capitalism and bring it to its next phase. State terror heretofore untold will unravel the old order of things and bring the ‘new world order’ into place, resulting to pogroms that will dwarf both Hitler’s ‘final solution’ and Stalin’s ‘purges’ combined. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">The possibility of a global state will finally become granite rock, with the United Nations most likely the base for creating that global regulatory mechanism governed by a demonic ‘world rule of law’. This global state will have its own military and police forces, and will have no qualms in quelling dissent and enforcing global fiats in order to bring forth the ‘new world order’. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">The global corporations of the moment, whose assets and revenues are already so huge that they dwarf those of nation-states’, will all the more become gigantic. The same corporations will then declare their respective turfs among region-states and city-states that will be created from the dismantled nations. Each mega-corporation will be endowed with its own private army, akin to the British East India Company or BEIC of old, of professional mercenaries beholden to no state but to the corporation, but which can be mandated by the global state to engage hostile forces in other regions and cities.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">The era of New Feudalism will then ensue from the social and urban-ecological arrangements emerging. The era of ancient Florence, Venice, or city-states with their own respective armies and ruled by powerful commercial families, will come back though in more sophisticated vogue. The competing powerful &#38; wealthy city-states will then give rise to new conflicts in the form of ‘wars of the cities’, much akin to the ancient Greek city-states’ conflicts. Before this century’s end, no more nations shall exist, but rather a world of cities and regions integrated largely through the mediative and regulative planetary state. Weaker cities and regions will become the vassals of powerful cities and corporate groups, at a time when technology will even be more revolutionary. The New Feudalism will be based on an integration of capital and information, contrasted to the Old Feudalism that was based on land. <span> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">As soon as 3<sup>rd</sup> phase cybernetics will conclude, and probably a 4<sup>th</sup> phase will begin, which will all the more erase the barrier between human and machine, the envisioned Technotronic Society will become the manifest order. Cyborgs and machines will then become perfected and endowed with quasi-human intelligence, while those humans with weak minds will be totally controlled via perfected chips, mega-computers, and new cybernetic systems. Large numbers of subhuman ‘Manchurian candidates’ or MCs will become the docile slave labor of the day, well fed and provided for, but whose behavior will be totally programmed and re-programmable. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">That technoronic society of the neo-feudal capitalist ‘new world order’, or simply Technotronic capitalism, was fitfully described and forecast in the film series <strong>Matrix</strong> and <strong>Terminator</strong>. As 3<sup>rd</sup> phase cybernetics is advancing today in laboratory incubators of the North, cybernetics that will dismantle the barrier between human and machine, the possibility of an early arrival of that dreaded machine-controlled ‘new world order’ has become concrete. The question is no longer ‘will technotronics come’, but rather ‘when will it come’? Matrix and Terminator are no film fantasies but are rather scientific extrapolations based on existing and developing cybernetic principles.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">So, fellows out there, would you count yourself among the fanatical supporters of ‘capitalist life-span extension’, or would you rather opt for a new economy &#38; society other than the ‘new world order’ that has been engineered by the global oligarchy? Or, would you rather be silent about the matter, as the ‘silence of the lambs’ means the Keynesian “In the long run, all of us will be dead!” Caput!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Let me now end here. Suffice that I shared my notes about the possible extension of the favorite economy of the pro-capitalists or the most abhorred society by capitalism’s detractors. At least I didn’t fail to show you the possibilities, I being a sociologist and economist who learned from my thinker mentors the craft of social forecasting or ‘futurology’. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Till next writing! Adios! Adieu! Paalam! Farewell!<span>  </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0 0 10pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">[23 August 2008, Quezon City, MetroManila.]</span></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Correlación entre el salario nominal y el real]]></title>
<link>http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/?p=732</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2008 00:09:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>alejandrogregori</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alejandrogregori.com.ar/2008/09/18/correlacion-entre-el-salario-nominal-y-el-real/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ 

“Sería interesante observar los resultados de una investigación estadística acerca de las re]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;  Normal 0   21   false false false  ES-AR X-NONE X-NONE              MicrosoftInternetExplorer4              &#60;![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]&#62;                                                                                                                                            &#60;![endif]--> <a href="http://alejandrogregori.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/correlacion-salarios.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-734" title="correlacion-salarios" src="http://alejandrogregori.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/correlacion-salarios.jpg" alt="" width="455" height="323" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">“Sería interesante observar los resultados de una investigación estadística acerca de las relaciones entre los cambios en los salarios monetarios y reales. En el caso de variaciones en una industria particular sería de esperar que unos y otros se movieran en el mismo sentido, pero en el caso de variaciones en el nivel general de los salarios, creo que nos encontraríamos con que, lejos de moverse en la misma dirección, la variación de los salarios reales, asociada a un cambio en el nivel de los salarios monetarios irá casi siempre en la dirección opuesta. Cuando los salarios monetarios estén subiendo nos encontraremos con que los salarios reales estarán bajando y cuando los salarios monetarios caigan los reales se elevarán. Y esto es así, porque a corto plazo, lo más probable es que los salarios monetarios en descenso y los reales en alza vengan acompañados de caídas en el empleo. Los trabajadores estarán mucho más dispuestos a aceptar reducciones de sus salarios cuando el empleo está cayendo”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Teoría General del Empleo, el Interés y el Dinero – Keynes</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">Comentario: Todavía no me cierra cómo es que a nivel industria se da una cosa y a nivel general otra. Si una sale de la otra cómo va salir invertida.</p>
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