En esta ocacion les presento un libro bastante bueno, en formato PDF, con partituras para poder interpretar lo mejor del Jazz.Aunque el libro al parecer es algo viejo o han sido fotocopiadas antes de su edicion digital, contiene nada mas y nada menos que 366 paginas que hacen un conjunto de mas de 100 canciones que en lo personal considero que cualquier amante de la musica y con destreza en la ejecucion de instrumentos ales como el piano; debe tener.

The Real Book of Jazz Volumen III no debe faltar en tu coleccion de libros con partituras excelentes y  que mejor que descargarlo desde aquí.

Descarga: The Real Book of Jazz Volumen III

Muhammad Bin Ibrahem al-Hamad | Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 16 | Size: 1 MB

If you ask any smoker why he smokes, you would receive many different answers. Some people smoke when they need relief from depression; others smoke to ease the stress of estrangement from their families. Some people smoke with friends to have fun, while others smoke to rid themselves of worry and anger. There are those that smoke to imitate those whom they admire, or perhaps they smoke because they have been doing it from a young age and cannot stop. You will even find those who say, “I smoke because it is useful, and I do not believe it is prohibited.”

Read more:-)

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Description: Covers the latest treatments and drugs, plus side effects

The fun and easy way to get your cholesterol under control and live a long, healthy life

Need to get your cholesterol in check? This easy-to-follow guide gives you the latest on lowering your numbers and maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. You’ll see how to eat and exercise properly, use vitamins and supplements, and quit unhealthy habits. You’ll also get new information on prescription drugs and the benefits of moderate drinking.

Carol Ann Rinzler has written more than 20 books on health and nutrition. Martin W. Graf, MD, has been a doctor of internal medicine for over 30 years.

Discover how to:

Know your cholesterol risk

Understand “good” and “bad” cholesterol

Follow a cholesterol-lowering diet

Avoid dangerous drugs

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By Barbara & Allan Pease,  E-book,PDF.

The premises behind Why Men Don’t Listen and Women Can’t Read Maps is that all too often, these differences get in the way of fulfilling relationships and that understanding our basic urges can lead to greater self-awareness and improved relations between the sexes. The Peases spent three years researching their book–traveling the globe, talking to experts, and studying the cutting-edge research of ethnologists, psychologists, biologists, and neuroscientists–yet their work does not read a bit like “hard science.” In fact, the authors go to considerable lengths to point out that their book is intended to be funny, interesting, and easy to read; in short, this is a book whose primary purpose is to talk about “average men and women, that is, how most men and women behave most of the time, in most situations, and for most of the past.”

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Amazon's launch of Kindle has been successful.  Though Amazon has not released unit sales of the Kindle, the Silicon Alley Insider reports that some analysts estimate monthly volumes are running at 48,000 units and they could go as high as 72,000 per month by yearend.  As one mesaure of the uptake of e-books on the Kindle, Amazon has indicated that for titles available in both print and e-book form, e-book sales are running at about 12% of print sales.   

In another piece of positive e-book news, Sony has announced it will switch its Reader to the International Digital Publishing Forum's (IDPF) EPUB standard.  This gives a significant boost to the beleagured format and could eventually put pressure on Amazon to abandon the proprietary format of the Kindle.

E-book sales figures are also growing smartly, though they still represent a small fraction of print sales.  The latest e-book wholesale revenue figures for the US, reported by the IDPF, show sales on track to reach about $40 million in 2008.  Worldwide e-book sales figures are also growing rapidly.  Ebooks Corp. expects the world market to reach $220 million this year and could be $3-5 billion in the next 5 years.  Macsimum News has specultedtht Apple may be coming out with an e-book reader, perhaps based on an enhanced iPod with a larger screen or a revived version of the iBook. 

Clearly the buzz around e-books is increaing.  So what might it mean for publishers?  Here are a few thoughts on how the e-book may take its place in publishing:

• Serve as a testing platform for a new title to determine whether a publisher should invest in a print version.  This is already occuring in some areas o the publihsing world - e.g. romance and science fiction.  If sales of the e-book version pass a designated trigger point, a print version of the book is offered. 
• Provide an inexpensive launching platform for new authors who would otherwise not be able to get their book published in a print format. 
• Become the format o choice for publishers in fields where content changes rapidly - e.g. books related to computer technology.
• Act as a viral marketing teaser.  E-books may serve as an excellent way to build interest in the print edition. 

Not everyone will in the industry will welcome a robust market for the e-book.  In the long term, perhaps the group most susceptible to the growing market for e-books will be distributors and wholesales o print books.  Digital distribution of more works will reduce their revenues and importance unless they are able to reinvent themselves.

Though it's been a happier time for e-books, it is still to early to tell how significant a role they will play in book publishing.  In a recent post, Chris Webb argues that the book publishing industry might not follow the same path as the music industry with regard to digital content.  The book, after all, has been portable and mobile for years.  The experience of reading has changed little and the new crop of readers may not enhance that experience enough to pry customers away from the printed book.  He sums his case thus:

So, I guess the point I'm trying to make is, unlike the music business the relationship customers have with the printed book is still quite strong and have been meeting the experience expectation for hundreds of years. And I don't say this because I'm overly sentimental traditionalist. But I do think it's an important time to remind ourselves that the printed book still provides an excellent user experience. And this is a real strength that only enhances our position in a digital age.

But for now, the creators and purveyors of e-books can just be present in the moment and enjoy their summer of love.

Related Posts

• Publishing's Challenges & Opportunities - An Interview with Bruce Batchelor
• High Commodity Prices - The New Threat to Books?
• Declining Book Readership - New Reads to the Rescue?
• The Conversation in the Book
• Do e-Books Mean More or Less p-Book Sales?
• Is an e-Book Calling You?  

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Dica do meu amigo Rafael Egídio, trainee da RM Sistemas, mandando ver no Supply Chain baseado em sistemas informatizados. É só clicar abaixo pra fazer o download do arquivo em PDF.

SCM baseado em SI

Cool!

417 pages | PDF | 13.3 MB

Unlike the vast array of networking books written by geeks for geeks, this book was written for you and for anyone who wants to understand the computer networking phenomenon that has taken the world by storm. (In other words, it’s by geeks for nongeeks.) We understand that the vast majority of people working in this industry are not networking experts and that it is difficult to understand complex technical and business issues before knowing the answers to such questions as “How does the web work?,” “What is a router?,” and “What is an IP address?”

Whether you are a home computer user who has just purchased a broadband Internet connection or a company executive who wants to understand what your IT staff is talking about, this book is for you. If you’ve decided that you want to make a career change, or if you are in school pursuing a Cisco certification, we believe that this book will serve both as a good primer, introducingthe concepts of networking in clear and simple terms, and as a useful reference book as you grow in your career.

We are pleased with the reception the book has received since it was first published. We have received a great deal of positive feedback both from our intended audience and, much to our surprise, from very technical people as well. In fact, the book has had enough interest that we were approached to write a second edition to cover all the new technologies that have come about in the last five years. After all was said and done, about half of this book ended up being new.

Among the biggest additions to this version are the topics covering security, communication tools, and wireless technologies. Security has become one of the biggest areas of investment for networking as companies attempt to protect their network and data from ever-increasing threats and attacks. Communication tools have also changed quite a bit in five years, as both voice and video tools have become more integrated and more sophisticated. Finally, wireless is everywhere now, and users expect all the networking tools on the wired network to be on the wireless network as well.

Another change in this book is that Neil Anderson has joined the writing team. Neil is the coauthor of four other Networking Simplified books that we have written since the original release of Cisco Networking Simplified. Neil is a great addition to the team and brings a wealth of expertise and insight to this edition.

Download book here

Biosecurity

No health, no gain. The objective of any broiler farmer is to receive the highest quality chicks possible. Sick, stressed, underweight, dehydrated, or weak chicks will not perform to their genetic potential in a densely populated broiler house. Assuming the chicks arrive to the farm in good health, it is then essential to ensure that the broiler farm has been decontaminated as much as possible. This means that the farm has been completely washed and disinfected and that a minimal downtime has been scheduled before receiving the next flock. Healthy chicks can become infected and diseased soon after arrival to a contaminated, poorly sanitized farm. Successful producers recognize that losses due to disease outbreaks are greater under conditions of poor sanitation, as compared to houses that have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before chick placement. Following chick placement, everyone at the farm must adhere strictly to comprehensive biosecurity practices. Most importantly, it is essential to prevent entry of unauthorized or unnecessary visitors. If a farm needs to be visited, a complete change of clothing (coverall and boots) and/or taking real showers before entry is strongly recommended. Care must be exercised in visiting farms in the proper order, normally youngest to oldest. Common sense also dictates that suspect diseased farms be visited last. It is easier and less stressful for all to receive healthy chicks and keep them healthy during the production cycle. An intregal part of any biosecurity plan is to ensure that the recently hatched chicks are properly vaccinated at the hatchery. Vaccines are intended to assist chicks in developing resistance against specific diseases, not to add another stress during the initial days of life. Vaccinate only with vaccines that are needed, and administer them as recommended by the manufacturer.

The Most Crucial Part of a Chick's Life

The first 24 hours of the chick's life are the most important. The farms must be ready and inspected one day prior to the chick's arrival. Following are some of the basic parameters that must be taken into consideration before and during the first hours of the chick's life to facilitate a good start and finish.

Genetic Improvements

In the past two decades, the age of processing a 4.4 pound broiler has dropped from 60 days to less than 40 days. This means that the first week of life of a modern, fast-growing broiler now accounts for about 20% of the broiler's life, compared with 10% just 20 years ago. This rapid growth rate puts even more demands on management during the first week of life, leaving the broiler grower with less time to correct to deficiencies. The performance lost due to improper management can not be compensated for, as there is no time.

Air Quality

After biosecurity, the next most important factor is to provide good quality, warm, fresh air that is rich in oxygen for the recently hatched chicks. The chick's trachea is normally irritated from being boxed and shipped in the chick trays, often for many hours. Chicks are often also exposed to formaldehyde gas and contaminated air during hatch. It is important to ensure that air quality is optimum for the chicks on arrival and that it does not contain unacceptable levels of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Excessive amounts of these irritants can cause depression, dehydration, emaciation and eventually death. Poor ventilation may result in carbon monoxide (CO) accumulation, reaching toxic levels. Toxicity causes an irreversible condition that cannot be corrected with additional ventilation. Maintaining acceptable air quality is an art, and can be achieved by manipulating the curtains, extractors, etc. The purpose is to provide fresh air to the chicks without chilling or drafting the chicks or wasting expensive heating fuel. The broiler farm supervisors must understand how to manage the farms to provide warm, fresh air at all times, irrespective of outside conditions.

Brooding Temperature

The broilers' production cycle is short. For approximately one-half of their life, broiler chicks have an immature thermo-regulatory system that cannot regulate internal body temperature when exposed to temperatures outside a relatively small range. Thus proper brooding is critical, and optimum growth during the first days of life will be dependent on the grower. Management practices should be modified depending on the actual climatic conditions and local geography. However, without exception all chicks must be provided environmental temperatures from 88°-92° F for the first 24 hours. Experiments conducted by the authors (Table 1) have shown that when chicks were brooded with lower than suggested temperatures, depressed growth, higher feed conversion, increased morality, and an average 40 index points decline occurred.

Table 1. Effect of varying brooding temperatures on male and female broiler performance at 42 days of age.

The cost to produce a pound of meat using suboptimal brooding temperatures was increased 1.6 cents/pound. The percent mortality for the chicks brooded under suboptimal temperatures was more than 8%, with 5% due to ascites that increased when using suboptimal brooding temperatures.

Before the chicks arrive, evaluate temperatures throughout the brooding area with a digital thermometer. Determine temperatures on litter surface and approximately 2 cm. above the litter. This is where the chicks will be placed. After placing the chicks, monitor their behavior and spread pattern to determine if the temperature and ventilation are suitable. In reality, there is no need for sophisticated equipment. Simply observing the chicks closely enables one to determine if problems exist. The farm managers need to understand and recognize the behavior of content chicks versus stressed chicks.

Water

Chicks can be withheld water and feed for 100 hours or more, receiving total nutrients from their absorbed yolk sac residue. However, this does not suggest that feed and water intake should purposely be restricted. Ideally, the chicks should be placed at the farm and provided water and feed in less than 8 hours from time of hatch. Longer delays could lead to dehydration and chick weight shrinkage. If long delays are expected, there are commercial nutritive hydrants available that can be placed in the chick boxes while they are being transported to the farm. The water quality, purity, and temperature must be checked in advance. Contaminated water can spread disease and cause diarrhea, leading to dehydration and death in younger flocks. If the chicks have been in transport for a long period, providing water for the first 3 or 4 hours, and then providing feed is suggested. In other words, it is imperative that chicks be encouraged to consume water as soon as possible. Many managers add some sort of sweetener substance, like sugar to the water (4% solution) for the first few hours of life. The sugar helps to replenish the depleted energy in the chicks, and may stimulate the chicks to consume feed. The sweet water can also may loosen up the impacted intestine and prepare the gut linings for the incoming feed. After the addition of sugar, it is recommended to add a vitamin supplement to the water for the first three days of life, to boost the chicks' vitality. With the exception of water vaccination time, drinking water must be adequately chlorinated. The chlorine level at the drinker level should be 1PPM-nipple drinkers, 2PPM-plasson drinkers, and 3PPM-trough drinkers.

The Chick's Microclimate

The newly hatched chick's surroundings should be as close to ideal as possible. This environment should be compared with the microenvironment that is provided for recently born human babies. The area must be cozy, warm, and clean. It should be provided detailed attention 24 hours a day.

Equipment Density
Before the chicks arrive, the farm supervisor must ensure that the brooding area is completely ready and adequate for the number of chicks arriving. This includes having adequate floor space, feeder, space, drinker space, high quality and fresh litter material in the brooding area, etc. Besides being adequate in number, the proper distribution of feeders and drinkers is also critical. It makes little sense to receive high quality healthy chicks and then deprive them of feed and water due to lack of equipment like feeders and waterers.

Litter Quality
Close attention to litter conditions must be ongoing. Litter that is old, caked, wet or dusty must be replaced with high quality, fresh litter. In areas where litter cannot be changed after each broiler cycle due to costs for new litter, availability of new litter, or difficulty in disposing of used litter, the litter should be changed only where the chicks are to be brooded the first week, and other areas where litter is caked. If changing litter in the brooding area is not possible, newspapers can be placed for the first 24 hours in the brooding area. The objective is to reduce exposure of the baby chicks to high levels of contaminants for the first few hours while the immune system is still immature and the yolk stalk remnant may still be healing. Litter type, temperature, texture, and moisture content all could affect the ability of the newly hatched chick to survive and thrive in their new surroundings. Chicks can lose much of their core temperature through the skin of their legs in contact with the litter. Thus, bedding that has not been properly warmed before the chicks are placed can dramatically reduce chick survival. In places where there are cold temperatures, it is recommended to warm up the brooding area for at least 24 hours before the chicks arrive to ensure litter temperatures have also warmed. To evaluate the litter temperatures, a thermometer can be used, or more simply, determine the chick's leg temperature by touching it against your skin.

Feed and Water
Microclimate management also includes consideration of the availability of high quality feed and water. Water should be at ambient temperature and feed particle size optimum for the chicks. A newly hatched chick is 85% water. When 10% of this water is lost, it becomes a cull chick, and when there is 20% dehydration, the chick could die. It is important to hydrate the chick adequately and promptly. This will promote feed consumption and better body weights. If water and feed are consumed in sufficient amounts and correct brooding temperature and air quality are provided, a broiler chick should be able to quadruple the post-hatch body weight by seven days of age. To monitor if chicks are consuming adequate feed, it is recommended to select chicks and palpate their crops. The crops should be quite full. If the crop feels half empty or empty, there must be something wrong in the management, and the above-discussed points must be reviewed very carefully. It is never too late to act and make corrections, but a problem must be detected before it can be corrected.

Conclusion

Before chicks arrive, inspect the house closely to ensure proper setup. After a poor start, there is little time to compensate for the lost growth as a chick's life is only approximately 1000 hours. Thus, every hour represents 0.10% of the chick's life. In a 24-hour period, 2.4% performance can be lost. Many producers recognize that performance lost the first day or first week will be reflected in final performance results.

Footnotes

^1. This document is VM124, one of a series of the Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date May 1, 2002. Visit the EDIS Web Site.

^2. Gary D. Butcher, extension veterinarian, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, IFAS, Gainesville, FL., Amir H. Nilipour, PhD, Director of Investigation and Quality Assurance, Grupo Melo, S.A., Panama, Republic of Panama; Richard D. Miles, Ph.D., Professor, Poultry Nutritionist, University of Florida, IFAS, Department of Dairy and Poultry Sciences, Gainesville, FL.

Author: G. D. Butcher, DVM, Ph.D.; and Amir H. Nilipour, Ph.D. - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

Water is probably the most important nutrient for poultry because a lack of adequate supply will adversely affect the bird's performance more quickly than a shortage of any other nutrient. This is why it is so important to keep an adequate supply of clean, fresh, cool water before the birds at all times. An automatic waterer, placed in the coolest area of the house or pen is probably best for most small-flock operations. If manually filled waterers are used, consideration should be given to the number and filling frequency required to ensure an adequate supply.

Water plays a very important role in digestion and metabolism of poultry. It comprises from 55 to 75% of the bird's body and about 65% of the egg. There is a strong correlation between feed and water intake. Research has shown that water intake is approximately two times the intake of feed on a weight basis. Water softens feed in the crop to prepare it for grinding in the gizzard. Many chemical reactions necessary in the processes of digestion and nutrient absorption are aided by or require water. As a major component in blood (90%) it serves as a carrier, moving digested material from the digestive tract to all parts of the body, and taking waste products to the points of elimination. As with humans and other animals, water cools the bird's body through evaporation. Since birds do not have sweat glands, a major portion of their evaporative heat loss occurs in the air sacs and lungs due to rapid respiration.

If medications or other additives are given through the water, care should be taken to accurately measure both compound and water quantities and mix them well before administering. Also, carefully follow label directions as to the length of time the medication should be given. At the end of that period, waterers should be emptied and rinsed.

NUTRIENTS

Nutrients are the chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used, and are necessary, for the maintenance, growth, production and health of animals. The nutrient needs of poultry are rather complex and vary with the species, breed, age and sex of the bird. More than 40 specific chemical compounds or elements are nutrients that need to be present in the diet to support life, growth and reproduction. The materials are often divided into six classifications according to their function and chemical nature: water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. For good health and performance, a diet must contain all of these known nutrients in the proper amounts. If any are insufficient, then growth, reproduction, eggshell quality, egg production, egg size, etc., may be reduced.

Even though the same nutrients found in the diet are also found in the body tissues and eggs of poultry, there is not a direct transfer of nutrients from feed to tissue. Feed nutrients must be digested, absorbed and rebuilt into poultry tissue.

Proteins

Proteins are made up of more than 23 organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. They are called amino acids. The properties of a protein molecule are determined by the number, kind and sequencing of the amino acids that comprise it. The principal products produced by poultry are composed of protein. On a dry-weight basis, the body of a mature broiler is more than 65% protein, and the contents of an egg are about 50% protein.

Scientists learned many years ago that these amino acids were really the essential nutrients, rather than the protein molecule itself. Chicken tissues have the ability to make some of the required amino acids if the other amino acids are in adequate supply. Feed tags only show the amount of protein guaranteed in the feed but give no indication of the levels of individual amino acids. Amino acid analysis is very expensive and specialized. In order to insure that amino acid needs are met, the nutritionist will include a variety of feedstuffs that are good protein sources. Multiple feed ingredients are necessary because no single ingredient is an adequate source of all the required amino acids. The main protein sources for poultry feeds are animal proteins such as fish meal and meat and bone meal; and plant proteins such as soybean meal and corn gluten meal.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates make up the largest portion of a poultry diet. They are in greatest supply in plants, appearing there usually in the form of sugar, starches or cellulose. Starch is the form in which most plants store reserve energy, and it is the only complex carbohydrate which chickens can readily digest. The chicken does not have the enzyme systems required to digest cellulose and other complex carbohydrates, so it becomes part of the crude fiber component. Carbohydrates are a major energy source for poultry, but only ingredients containing starch, sucrose or simple sugars are efficient energy providers. A variety of grains, such as corn, wheat and milo, are important sources of carbohydrates in poultry diets.

Fats

Fats are important sources of energy for today's poultry diets because they contain more than twice as much energy as any other feed ingredient. This trait makes fat an important tool for the proper formulation of starting and growing diets. Fat makes up more than 40% of the dry egg contents and about 17% of the dry weight of a market broiler. Fats in feeds are also important for the absorption of vitamins A, D₃, E and K, and as a source of essential fatty acids. These essential fatty acids are responsible for membrane integrity, hormone synthesis, fertility, and hatchability. For most commercially produced poultry feeds, animal fat, poultry fat or yellow grease would be the source of supplemental fat.

Minerals

This nutrient class is divided into the macrominerals (those needed in relatively large amounts) and the micro- or trace minerals. Although microminerals are required only in small amounts, the lack of an adequate dietary supply can be just as detrimental to poultry as a lack of one of the macrominerals.

Minerals have a number of important functions in the body. The most widely recognized of these is the formation of straight, strong and rigid bones. Laying hens also require minerals, primarily calcium, for eggshell formation. Minerals are needed for the formation of blood cells, blood clotting, enzyme activation, energy metabolism, and for proper muscle function.

Grains are low in minerals, so all poultry feeds contain supplemental sources. Calcium, phosphorus and salt are needed in the greatest amounts. Ground limestone and oystershell are good sources of calcium. Dicalcium or defluorinated phosphates are the customary carriers of phosphorus and calcium for poultry diets. Microminerals such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese and iodine are normally supplied through a trace mineral mix.

Vitamins

The 13 vitamins required by poultry are usually classified as fat-soluble or water-soluble. The fat-soluble group includes vitamins A, D₃ , E and K. The water-soluble vitamins are thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B₁₂ and choline. All these vitamins are essential for life and they must be provided in proper amounts for chickens to grow and reproduce. The egg normally contains sufficient vitamins to supply the needs of the developing embryo. For this reason, eggs are a good animal source of vitamins for the human diet.

Vitamin A is needed for the health and proper functioning of the skin and lining of the digestive, reproductive and respiratory tracts. Vitamin D₃ has an important role in bone formation and the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. The B vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and the metabolism of many other nutrients.

Although some of these vitamins are abundant in feed ingredients, a vitamin premix is routinely used by the nutritionist to ensure adequate fortification.

Feed Additives

Poultry feeds often contain substances not directly concerned with meeting nutrient requirements. An antioxidant, for example, may be included to prevent rancidity of the fat in the diet, or to protect nutrients from loss by oxidation. Pellet binders may be used to improve the texture and firmness of pelleted feeds.. Coccidiostats are routinely used in broiler feeds and also in diets for rearing replacement pullets. Sometimes, antibiotics are included to stimulate the growth rate and feed efficiency of young chickens. If coccidiostats and/or antibiotics are in your feed, careful attention should be paid to feeding directions on the tag, and withdrawal times should be strictly followed. Hormones are not added to any poultry feeds.

USE THE RIGHT FEED

Poultry feeds are commonly classified as a starter, grower, finisher or layer, depending upon the type and age of bird they are designed to feed. The feed's brand name and/or feeding directions should indicate whether the product was designed for your flock. If the store doesn't have the proper feed for your species, type, or age of bird, ask about initiating a special order or shop at another store.

FEEDING MISTAKES

The most common mistake is using the wrong feed. Do not give your flock scratch feed or table scraps. Do not mix a complete commercial feed with scratch grains. Most commercial feeds are designed to meet all of the bird's nutrient requirements when fed as the sole source of nutrition. Blending with grains dilutes or reduces the level of nutrition and birds will not grow well, may reduce egg production and produce eggs with thin shells. They may also be less resistant to disease, or pick up and eat their feathers in an effort to offset nutrient deficiencies. Feather picking can lead to bleeding, sores, infections or even death.

Commercially prepared feeds are also designed to be available for consumption at all times. Adequate feeder capacity should be provided so that a continuous supply of feed is available. Ration-feeding of these diets can, again, result in reduced growth, egg production and eggshell strength.

FEED QUALITY

The consumer's best assurance of good quality feed comes from the reputation of the feed manufacturer and local feed store. Florida law requires that poultry feeds and/or feed ingredients be checked periodically by a private laboratory for nutrients, mycotoxins, microbiological organisms, pesticide residues and drug residues. By law, no reference to the quality or grade of ingredients used can be displayed on the feed label. Florida labels do carry a date of manufacture. It is recommended that purchases be limited to a 2-3 week supply in order to maintain freshness in Florida's hot, moist environment. Feed should be stored in a cool, dry area, preferably in a container with a tight-fitting lid to control moisture, insects and rodents.

INVEST IN GOOD NUTRITION

As in the case of human nutrition, cheapest is not always best. Sixty to seventy percent of poultry rearing and keeping expenses are for feed. This is really a good investment because good, plentiful nutrition results in content birds that grow and lay well with fewer health problems. Naturally, the type of feed needed will change as birds mature or start to produce eggs. Read and follow all feeding instruction on the label and keep feed available to birds at all times.

The importance of a plentiful supply of cool, clean water can also not be over emphasized. Water is a major part of eggs and meat and has a very important cooling function here in Florida.

Footnotes

^1. This document is PS29, one of a series of the Animal Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date April 1998. Reviewed June 2003. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

^2. B.L. Damron, professor, and D.R. Sloan, associate professor, Dairy and Poultry Sciences Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611

Author: B.L. Damron and D.R. Sloan - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

Publication date: 01/25/2008

Publication date: 07/25/2008

Managing broiler breeders is a new challenge with every flock as breeder companies produce new and improved "models" that have better growth efficiency and productivity than the year before. At the same time producers have been getting better at raising highly uniform flocks.

All this progress means that the way we have allocated feed in the past might not be the most effective way to feed new and improved strains. Getting the right amount of feed to your broiler breeder pullets at the right time (during rearing, sexual maturation and lay) is the most important - and the trickiest - part of raising broiler breeders.

Flock uniformity is a key ingredient in the recipe for highly productive flocks. The reason is simple: birds in uniform flocks tend to respond to changing feed allocations in the same way, without a lot of variation between birds. Birds from a flock with poor uniformity will tend to have a wide range of responses to changes in feed allocation. More feed may benefit some of the birds while shortchanging or over-feeding others. The consequences of poor uniformity can be disastrous to a farm's bottom line.

Modern broiler breeder strains come into lay faster following photostimulation than ever before. Proper timing of photostimulation and feed management during the sexual maturation period is critical to the long term productivity of a flock.

Building a Strong Foundation

There are a few points you should keep in mind during the initial part of the flock's life that will result in higher productivity later on:

* Use feeding strategies to control body weight - this may involve skip a day feeding or other programs
such as 4/3 or 5/2 where you allocate feed four or five days, and skip three or two days per week,
respectively.

* Flocks must stay within the breeder company's recommended target body weight range - avoid
over and under weight birds! Remember, productive flocks need to be in the recommended target
body weight range and at the optimal frame size to be the most productive.

* The best source of information on body weight targets is your primary breeder guide. We can show
you how to allocate feed to meet those targets.

Just in case you think that it is impossible to raise a flock that meets target weights, have a look at the following graph.

This graph illustrates what we were able to achieve in a trial here at the University of Alberta. Birds were raised on one of four very different target body weight curves. As you can see in the graph, none of the groups were ever far from target weights.

So, how did we do it?

* Accurate and frequent weighing. Birds in this study were weighed twice per week starting from
placement until 32 weeks of age. After 32 weeks body weights were recorded weekly. Weighing more
often allowed us to get rapid feedback on how changes to feed allocations affected body weight and
the average daily gain. While weighing twice a week required extra labour, it paid off in accuracy. If
you have automatic scales, you might even consider looking at daily gains and daily feed allocations.
More frequent weighing gives you a much clearer picture of a flock's status - it's like having washer
fluid when the roads are a mess!

* Body weight gains - understanding and reacting to them. Instead of focusing just on body weight,
look at gains. How much birds gained in the past few days and how much they need to gain in the next
few days is very important in a feed allocation decision. We developed a spreadsheet that you can use
for tracking body weight and gains. An example of the spreadsheet is below:

Using this method, all the information you need to make an informed feed allocation is available at a glance. You can see how the flock has been gaining over the past 7 days, along with the gains needed in the next 4, 7 and 14 day periods. It is a good idea to estimate the amount of feed being wasted or left in the feeders by the flock to further refine the feed allocation. If the flock is gaining at a good rate, increase the feed allocation slightly. If they are gaining too quickly, hold their feed allocation where it is. As the birds grow they will require more feed to maintain themselves, and their rate of gain will decrease on the same amount of feed. When body weight gains are monitored often, you won't get too far off of your target, and small corrections will keep you very close to the target.

This spreadsheet is a good starting point - feel free to use it on your farm. You can download a copy of the spreadsheet at the Government of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development website. The spreadsheet is in Microsoft Excel format.

Pitfalls

There are a few things that can mess up your growth curves:

1. Nutrient levels are different in starter, grower and layer diets - you need to consider how nutrient
levels differ when switching rations or you could be surprised by changes to body weight gains. Don't
worry, though. If you weigh your flock frequently enough, you'll be able to compensate very easily.

2. Changing egg production rates. Egg production is just another nutrient requirement (see Figure 1).
As egg production increases, birds need to eat to support the increase in production. As egg
production decreases, birds require less feed. Don't worry too much about egg production, though.
If your feed allocation is close to enough, the birds will lay. The target body weight curve increases
through the whole laying period. Because you weigh your flock often enough (at least twice per week
until 32 wk), you will be able to adjust feed allocation in response egg production simply by watching
body weight.

3. Temperature changes. If the temperature is too cold, birds need to generate their own heat by
"burning" feed in the cells of their bodies. If the temperature is too warm, feed intake may drop, and
egg production and body weight may also drop.

4. Health. Disease outbreaks such as coccidiosis or bronchitis will usually cause a drop in weight gains. If
you see an unexpected change in performance, have a close look for signs of disease.

Figure 1 . Hydrostratic nutrient partitioning model of a broiler breeder hen. Think of nutrients as water. As they "pour" into the bird, the nutrients serve vital organs first. Bone and muscle growth receive the next highest priority, followed by reproduction. Oversupply of nutrients results in fatness and excess follicle production.

Why is the Sexual Maturation Period so Important?

The sexual maturation period is the time between photostimulation (increase in the number of hours of light per day) and peak production. Lighting stimulates the production of sexual hormones that in turn stimulate the development of reproductive organs.

A few things to keep in mind:

* The state of the ovary at sexual maturity has long term implications for egg production and health.
Overfeeding as the birds come into production is linked to reproductive disorders and poor persistency
of lay. Large decreases to feed intake can negatively impact egg production. Always make changes
gradually. When faced with nutrient shortages, the hen may consider egg production a frivolous
activity; it may not rank as important as maintaining body condition. Figure 1 illustrates how nutrients
are allocated within the chicken. Fat, egg production, ovary development, muscle, bone, vital organs
and maintenance are the reservoirs that nutrients flow into. In the hydrostatic nutrient partitioning
model, think of nutrients as water that flows into each of the reservoirs. The first priority for nutrients
is maintenance of vital organs, then bone and muscle growth, reproduction, and fat deposition. If a
bird is underfed, it may grow a little, but it will not get fat, and it will not lay well. The target level of
nutrient intake is optimal for egg production. If nutrient intake is excessive due to overfeeding, excess
fat, muscle growth, and ovary development will occur.

* Birds are most sensitive to circulating estrogen levels during the first 2-4 weeks after photostimulation.
Over-feeding during this time can cause too many follicles to develop in the ovary, which can increase
the number of unsettable eggs (soft-shell or double yolks), and decrease persistency of lay.

* Consequences of good or bad body weight uniformity will be seen during sexual maturation. Uniform
flocks are more likely to come into production at the same time and have a higher peak production than
non-uniform flocks. Non-uniform flocks are more likely to become even less uniform, and may have
reproductive disorders since some birds will be getting more (and some will be getting less!) feed than
they need.

So, how do I manage feed allocation during the sexual maturation period?

Feed allocation is most critical as the birds come into production. Hens require energy to produce eggs, maintain their body condition, and continue growing. Extra nutrients go into liver fat, body fat, excessive follicle development and excess muscle. Nutrient shortage will usually result in smaller or fewer eggs, or both.

During the onset of egg production, weekly changes to feed allocations are not quick enough to address the rapid changes in nutrient requirements. More frequent increases are necessary to ensure that the requirements of the birds are met while maximizing production. It is important to provide the nutrients that the birds need right at the time that they need them.

Allocating feed based on egg production may not be effective since there is often too much lag time between changes in egg production and changes to the feed allocation. Rather than basing changes to feed allocations on egg production during this period, changes to feed allocation should be made based on body weight gains. Weighing twice per week will allow you to respond more effectively. In addition to what we've told you in this guide, your breeder manual will offer suggestions for managing feed allocation during this critical period. Use the spreadsheet to track gains and % production.

Using the spreadsheet

Users will need to enter some information to get started:

1. Target body weights from the breeder company manual
2. Recommended feed allocations and diet specifications from the breeder company manual
3. Current ACCURATE (repeatable) body weight (flock average)
4. Flock placement date (age)
5. Feed consumption (subtract amount of uneaten feed, if applicable)
6. Egg production (hen-week %) - although we recommend that you base feed allocations on body
weight it is useful to know the egg production rate of the flock.

What about post-peak production?

Post-peak production (roughly 32-60 weeks of age) is perhaps the most overlooked period of a broiler breeder's life. However, careful feed allocation during this period must remain a high priority. Maximizing egg production is the main objective during this time; reducing feed allocation as egg numbers decline has two benefits: feed costs will go down and it keeps the birds from becoming overweight. Too much feed after peak production will result in over-fat hens. Even though more nutrients are supplied for egg production, egg production and fertility decrease as an overweight flock gets older.

After 32 weeks of age, nutrient requirements change more slowly: body weight increases slowly, and egg production decreases slowly. Therefore weighing birds and changing the feed allocation once per week after 32 weeks is adequate. Monitor egg production closely. Once egg numbers begin to fall after peak production, it is time to reduce the feed allocation slowly while maintaining the small increases in target body weight.

Prepared by:

Brenda Schneider¹ , Martin Zuidhof¹, Frank Robinson² & Rob Renema^2
1 Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development,
² University of Alberta

Author: Brenda Schneider, Martin Zuidhof, Frank Robinson & Rob Renema - Government of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development website

Publication date: 07/25/2008

Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

KELAS 1

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Senang Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Pengarang: S. Rositawaty, Aris Muharam Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 281 Download (7,420 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Kita Bahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Muhamad Jaruki Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 247 Download (10,475 MB)

Matematika Matematika 1 Pengarang: Purnomosidi - Wiyanto - Endang Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 139 Download (11,168 MB)

KELAS 2

Bahasa Indonesia Aku Bangga Bahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Ismoyo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (6,831 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Cinta Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Try Noviaty Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (2,708 MB)

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Senang Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Pengarang: S. Rositawaty, Aris Muharam Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 188 Download (6,058 MB)

Matematika Matematika 2 Pengarang: Purnomosidi - Wiyanto - Endang Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 127 Download (4,988 MB)

KELAS 3

Bahasa Indonesia Aku Bangga Bahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Ismoyo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 105 Download (11,116 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia 3 Pengarang: Mei Sulistyaningsih Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 79 Download (0,719 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Membuatku Cerdas Pengarang: Edi Warsidi dan Farika Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 147 Download (4,743 MB)

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Senang Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Pengarang: S. Rositawaty, Aris Muharam Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 172 Download (5,752 MB)

KELAS 4

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Membuatku Cerdas Pengarang: Edi Warsidi dan Farika Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 123 Download (4,556 MB)

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Senang Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Pengarang: S. Rositawaty, Aris Muharam Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 212 Download (6,724 MB)

KELAS 5

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia 5 Pengarang: Sri Murni Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 148 Download (0,719 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Membuatku Cerdas Pengarang: Edi Warsidi dan Farika Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 115 Download (4,743 MB)

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Senang Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Pengarang: S. Rositawaty, Aris Muharam Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 166 Download (5,752 MB) (Bab 3 tidak ada)

Matematika Matematika 5 Pengarang: R.J. Soenarjo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 292 Download (4,988 MB)

KELAS 6

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Membuatku Cerdas Pengarang: Edi Warsidi dan Farika Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah hal : 122 Download (2,972 MB)

Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Senang Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Pengarang: S. Rositawaty, Aris Muharam Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 194 Download (6,891 MB)

Matematika Bersahabat dengan Matematika Pengarang: A. Dadi Permana Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 154 Download (6,738 MB)

Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah

KELAS 7

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1 Pengarang: Dwi Harningsih, Bambang Wisnu dan Septi Lestari Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download (1,773 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1 Pengarang: Maryati dan Sutopo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download (4,958 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Kompetensi Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Nia Kurniati Sapari Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download (0,986 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Aktif Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Dewi Indrawati, Didik Durianto Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 100 Download (5,405 MB)

KELAS 8

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 2 Pengarang: Maryati dan Sutopo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (1,071 MB)

Matematika Mudah Belajar Matematika kelas VIII Pengarang: Nuniek Avianti Agus Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 251 Download (7,740 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Pengarang: Dwi Hariningsih, Bambang Wisnu, Septi Lestari Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 135 Download (1,692 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Kebanggaanku Pengarang: Sarwiji Suwandi Sutarmo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 286 Download (3,574 MB)

KELAS 9

Matematika Matematika Pengarang: Ichwan dan Masduki Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download (..... MB) (belum berhasil konversi, format beda)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3 Pengarang: Maryati dan Sutopo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download (1,411 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Membuka Jendela Ilmu Pengetahuan  Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Pengarang: Dwi Hariningsih, Bambang Wisnu, Septi Lestari Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 160 Download (1,448 MB)

Matematika Mudah Belajar Matematika kelas IX Pengarang: Nuniek Avianti Agus Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 147 Download (2,613 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Kebanggaanku Pengarang: Sarwiji Suwandi Sutarmo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 200 Download (1,915 MB)

Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah

KELAS 10

Bahasa Indonesia Aktif dan Kreatif Bahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Adi Abdul Somad, Aminudin Yudi Irawan Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 258 Download (8,114 MB)

KELAS 11

Bahasa Indonesia Aku Bangga Bahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Ismoyo Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (10,236 MB)

KELAS 12

Bahasa Indonesia Aktif & Kreatif Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Yudi Irawan, Adi Abdul Somad dan Aminudin Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (5,282 MB)

Matematika Matematika 3 Pengarang: Geri Achmadi, Dwi Gustanti, Dani Wildan Hakim, Wil Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 115 Download (2,579 MB)

Sekolah Menengah Kejurua

KELAS 10

Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia SMK Kelas X Pengarang: Mokhamad Irman, Tri Wahyu Prastowo dan Nurdin Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download ( 2,587 MB)

Matematika Matematika AkutansiPengarang: To'ali Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (2,444 MB)

Matematika Matematika Kelompok Seni, Pariwisata, dan Teknologi Kerumahtagaan Pengarang: Hendi Senja Gumilar Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (1,402 MB)

KELAS 11

Bahasa Indonesia Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Mokhamad Irman, Tri Wahyu Prastowo dan Nurdin Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (1,155 MB)

Matematika Matimatika SMKPengarang: To'ali Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Download (2,030 MB)

KELAS 12

Bahasa Indonesia Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Mokhamad Irman, Tri Wahyu Prastowo dan Nurdin Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008Download (1,862 MB)

Matematika Kelompok Penjualan dan Akutansi Pengarang: To'ali Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Diknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 216 Download (1,996 MB)

Bahasa Indonesia Komunikatif Dalam Berbahasa Indonesia Pengarang: Nani Darmayanti Penerbit: Pusat Perbukuan Depdiknas Tahun: 2008 Jumlah Hal: 130 Download (2,040 MB)

sumber

La publicación sobre demanda no es un término nuevo. Numerosas editoriales han buscado desde hace muchos años constreñir los gastos en almacenaje y distribución de libros y se han empleado diversos métodos para conseguirlo, como sistemas de producción de libros justo a tiempo (just in-time), relacionados con las necesidades académicas en cursos específicos; bases de datos automatizadas y sistemas de comunicación interactiva.

Las tecnologías disponibles hoy permiten ir mucho más allá, para satisfacer necesidades altamente personalizadas, y compañías como Xlibris y ToExcel.com han abierto un sendero radicalmente distinto, conformando una alternativa de publicación que la industria editorial estaría lejos de cubrir con sus modelos arcaicos.

Estas tendencias apuntan a la construcción de sitios web que por poco dinero ofrecen a los autores la publicación de sus libros sin tener que lidiar con agentes editoriales, editores, estándares y formatos de la industria, tiempos de espera (como volumen mínimo de impresión y demografías uniformadas del mercado), así como espacios físicos de espacio en bodegas y escaparates de venta al menudeo, e incluso pasar por encima de modas y mafias. Los autores obtienen además un porcentaje de las ventas equivalente o mejor que las regalías tradicionales libros. No es factible que autores de "best sellers" prefieran este modelo, pero sí una enorme multitud de autores no famosos.

Muchos de los sitios web pioneros en el ofrecimiento de estos modelos de publicación facilitan, por ejemplo, la conversión del manuscrito de un autor a un formato adecuado para la distribución digital en red, además de organizar la información para habilitar instantáneamente un sitio web del libro. De esta manera los lectores interesados pueden obtener de manera gratuita el texto en línea para que lo analicen y, si gustan, ordenen una copia impresa del mismo, que es manufacturada con características que puede elegir el lector, haciendo posible un pedido, un libro, sin bodegas, sin inventarios, sin anaqueles.

A diferencia de la publicación tradicional de libros, donde el tiempo, los sistemas, las estrategias de marketing y los beneficios de las ventas favorecen a las editoriales, la impresión sobre demanda, sustentada en una estrategia digital, permite compartir los riesgos, dejando la estética y presentación al mercado, obteniéndose ganancias aproximadamente a partir de las primeras cien copias vendidas.

En este modelo las alianzas estratégicas y la subcontratación de servicios (outsourcing), son elementos esenciales para reducir los costos de manufactura y ampliar las bases del mercado.

La comodidad de leer un libro jamás será comparable con un texto en pantalla y por eso los modelos vanguardistas de publicación sobre demanda ofrecen tres ventajas inigualables: muestras de contenido gratuito, exposición global en el mercado y un sistema para vender productos en línea con distribución física.

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