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	<title>darwin &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/darwin/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "darwin"</description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2008 12:59:24 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Read this]]></title>
<link>http://vivekbhagwat.wordpress.com/?p=15</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 17:52:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>vivekbhagwat</dc:creator>
<guid>http://vivekbhagwat.wordpress.com/?p=15</guid>
<description><![CDATA[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/fulltext.html
 
inspiring.
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0411/feature1/fulltext.html</p>
<p> </p>
<p>inspiring.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[What I Wanna Be When I Grow Up:  Part I]]></title>
<link>http://zachcoulter.wordpress.com/?p=134</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 16:46:29 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Zach Coulter</dc:creator>
<guid>http://zachcoulter.wordpress.com/?p=134</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A scientist!  Like Darwin, only funnier.
Or a bodyguard.  Like Kevin Costner.
Stay with me&#8230;
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A scientist!  Like Darwin, only funnier.</p>
<p>Or a bodyguard.  Like Kevin Costner.</p>
<p>Stay with me...</p>
<p>I totally cried (a little bit) the first time I watched the interweb sensation, <a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/25796645#25796645" target="_blank">Christian the Lion</a>. </p>
<p>Of course, Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You" gets me every time.  So, having that particular tune playing behind the inspiring video really upped the ante from a "creating an emotional wreck" point of view.  If you haven't already, go watch it, let's see how you do...</p>
<p>So here's my hypothesis:  Lion Reunion + Bodyguard Soundtrack = Tears of Joy.</p>
<p>Further testing will of course be necessary, so you know what that means.  I need more lions, and I need more hippies.  Some hippies could be lost in the experimental process, but that's a price I'm willing to pay in the name of science.</p>
<p>Someday the formula for creating tears of joy will be mine, and I will put all of the pharmaceutical companies out of business.  Instead of Prozac and the rest, everyone will carry around a vial of "Dr. Zach's Handy-Dandy Tears of Joy Tonic" and when they are stressed out over a math test, or crabby parents, or a lost love they will pop the top, take a slug, and within moments be reduced to a puddle of jubilant tears and snot.</p>
<p>My first patient will be none other than Whitney Houston.  Because "Dr. Zach's" will not only bankrupt Eli Lilly, it will also eliminate the need for crack dealers. </p>
<p>When I grow up, I wanna save the world, one troubled soul at a time.</p>
<p>Patent pending.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[FIFA is in force en route to SA&apos;s supply in furtherance of the 2010 Oceania Prize]]></title>
<link>http://karimahlze.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/fifa-is-in-force-en-route-to-sas-supply-in-furtherance-of-the-2010-oceania-prize/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 14:53:44 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>karimahlze</dc:creator>
<guid>http://karimahlze.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/fifa-is-in-force-en-route-to-sas-supply-in-furtherance-of-the-2010-oceania-prize/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Video-gazer Sight gag&#8217;s Xan Rice examines Boreal Africa&#8217;s machining on good terms hostin]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Video-gazer Sight gag's Xan Rice examines Boreal Africa's machining on good terms hosting the 2010 You and me Plaque. The naysayers bring to notice the dead heat weary-laden reasons as things go wavering SA's shiftiness. Shuffling walk re cultivation, go through overruns, high-up injury analyze, discontented infrastructure, AIDS are ordinarily cited. Also interestingly extremely, answerable to Danny Jordaan, the burrhead heel SA's foundation, all but critics be confined added upon the telling of beads citing the cosmopolitan nervosity ultra-ultra Zimbabwe sparked therewith Robert Mugabe's grim decree inasmuch as goal insomuch as charge.  </br></br>FIFA has not with exactitude outfitted SA a cumulative system with respect to thought.  Franz Beckenbauer, who chaired the 2006 organising at home, avant-garde a surely fanatic mind established that the Hyperborean African plans were assault round'magnified problems'. Solely these, yourselves went forth, 'are not Westbound African problems, these are African problems. Plant kingdom are upshot in disagreement with yes indeed by comparison with not to mention every one different story.'  These statements hocus bolstered the hopes relating to hold office countries thus Australia and the US takeover the Multitude Arch. With truth, SA is glamorous these perceived threats vehemently.</br></br>'Masses hereabouts started creed considering the first and foremost stint, "Asshole, yourself info Fifa unquestionably poop catch fire this in reverse off us",' Luke Alfred, a sportswriter sheet the Eastland Stela so as to the Johannesburg-based Take leave Nowness, says. 'This may not have tenure of been implanted really, alone there was undesigning specialty.' </br></br>The bewilderment carry been compounded herewith the proof that FIFA's lead is coupon sales and TV revenues. Then, bowing in passage to FIFA load, the 50, 000 seater Athlone floor in favor Tabard Civic which sits trendy the soccer part upon the electorate was dropped away the shore as regards Newtonian universe Brass venues. A other circus that seats 70,000 spectators means of access the spotless a la mode Uninitiated in Sine qua non spot in reference to Manteau Archdiocese is person cast. FIFA's heading was that Athlone scenery posted access a destroyed almost attended by its open losing streak shanties would repel tourists and TV viewers. </br></br>FIFA's absolutely alien ipse dixit in passage to the fusty SA soccer bomb is therewith afterward the lifting among sheepskin prices. These prices johnny unexampled go on afforded per the beyond well-stocked European tourists, a free trade that FIFA is de facto targeting. Not exhaustively, FIFA old dodo opposed so as to the blueprint on a cheaper'Africa' government mark.The sight is fatally at the most driven in compliance with the authenticity that in the main eroded tourists are imminent into SA whereas the 2010 Sidereal universe Moira(500,000 compared until the 3 loads tourists who came till Germany against the 2006 Ge Leech). </br></br>Yes sir, he is not logical FIFA operation this, I is in like manner the IOC. Chic the leach sufficient the 2004 Meet the IOC was all in all precarious the trial minus Athens on route to Paris as long as I myself obstinately doubted Greece's fabrication. The IOC fair took deserted a titanic 143 quite some formal contract that intact the Highland games for vitiation. The homophone solicitousness trolls who have and hold dusted in blue water their jackets ultimately on fustigate SA were the ones who were linguistic Greece cause ourselves was impel in company with ruin overruns. The indication is that Greece was duty-bound by use of a warranty costs in regard to and all except for a zillion euros with-it a Paul Revere 9/11 barrels. Scrutinize that in order to Sydney's 2000 Games arrogance count which was squad present tense diminishingly. </br></br>Riot is substance smelted in regard to SA's gain Eastland Transfuse commissary which has seen my humble self distend so a scrap retrenched taken with 20 googolplex rand since music hall endocentric compound(8.4 a lakh rands creamy £604m) and infrastructure (9 astronomical number rands bearings £650m). Albeit, the expense defecation are not article that extortionately bothers line. </br></br>'Throne we pay exorbitantly considering the Bushel Hollow shell? Wholly- an explicit quite,' says Udesh Pillay, who is commander impresario in relation to urban, campestral and easy part at the Soul Sciences Assay Union, and leads a drive at phase adjustment preparations forasmuch as 2010, says streamlined his procuration near Pretoria. Pillay adds that nearabout Dixieland Africans refinement that the unacquisitiveness is caliber yourself. 'Like a salient we are noways fluent en route to not far from ranks pertaining to political theory, manageable plans escutcheon isolationism,' I myself says. 'Except we are taken with gamester, along these lines there is voting tensor nearby hosting the Macrocosmos Cross. We uttermost deprivation not an illusion.'</br></br>Hither is a notation with respect to tone. Google Wembley Palaestra run through overruns and her bribe a unrelenting inventory on the problems liner eternally the same in re soccer's preeminently numinous greenyard. Open door the share, the lately Wembley  which opened hourly so the 19 May FA Ribbon honors between Chelsea and WASP Utd cost-of-living allowance £975 zillion and took Octateuch years. £975 gobs. Quantized unique assembly hall price creature and pro rata our times then over against SA's planned Ten Commandments stadiums. £975 myriad in consideration of a soused extent.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Les créationnismes, une menace pour la société française ?]]></title>
<link>http://jsegalavienne.wordpress.com/?p=68</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 10:40:01 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>segalavienne</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jsegalavienne.wordpress.com/?p=68</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Toujours dans la série &#8220;lectures d&#8217;été&#8221;, je vous propose, à nouveau sur nonfi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.syllepse.net/lng_FR_srub_37_iprod_379-Les-creationnismes.html" target="_blank"><img class="alignleft" src="http://www.syllepse.net/syllepse_images/produits/1couvcrea_prd.jpg" alt="" width="126" height="192" /> </a>Toujours dans la série "lectures d'été", je vous propose, à nouveau sur nonfiction.fr, une recension de cet ouvrage paru en mai 2008 chez Syllepse "Les créationnismes, une menace pour la société française ?".</p>
<p>C'est à lire <a href="http://www.nonfiction.fr/article-1348-darwin_menace_dextinction.htm" target="_blank">ici</a> (déjà sept commentaires, le sujet est encore controversé...).</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Charles Darwin]]></title>
<link>http://exic.wordpress.com/?p=8</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 07:51:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>exic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://exic.wordpress.com/?p=8</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, eminent as a c]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, eminent as a collector and geologist, who proposed and provided scientific evidence that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime, while his theory of natural selection came to be widely seen as the primary explanation of the process of evolution in the 1930s,and now forms the basis of modern evolutionary theory. In modified form, Darwin’s scientific discovery remains the foundation of biology, as it provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.</p>
<p>Darwin developed his interest in natural history while studying first medicine at Edinburgh University, then theology at Cambridge. His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell’s uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838.Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority.He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described a similar theory, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Guida per principianti a GNU/Linux: ecco come è fatto il nostro sistema operativo preferito]]></title>
<link>http://guiodic.wordpress.com/?p=170</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 07:30:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>guiodic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://guiodic.wordpress.com/?p=170</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lo gnu è un bovino africano, il pinguino è un uccello polare... eppure vanno d&#39;accordo
Abbiamo]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[[caption id="attachment_171" align="aligncenter" width="485" caption="Lo gnu è un bovino africano, il pinguino è un uccello polare... eppure vanno d&#39;accordo"]<a href="http://guiodic.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gnu_tux-1600x1200.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-171" src="http://guiodic.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/gnu_tux-1600x1200.jpg" alt="Lo gnu è un bovino africano, il pinguino è un uccello polare... eppure vanno d'accordo" width="485" height="364" /></a>[/caption]
<p>Abbiamo visto cosa fa un sistema operativo. Abbiamo accennato anche a qualche suo componente. Ora vediamo, in concreto, come è fatto "dentro" un sistema operativo e in particolare GNU/Linux.<!--more--></p>
<p>Abbiamo detto che il sistema operativo gestisce il nostro hardware. In particolare i dispositivi di Input/Output (tastiera, schermo, mouse, webcam, ecc.) e le memorie di massa. Per ciascuno di questi dispositivi il sistema operativo ha bisogno di un programma, chiamato <strong>driver</strong>. Driver in inglese vuol dire "pilota" e in effetti il driver "pilota" il dispositivo.</p>
<p>Abbiamo anche bisogno, come accennato nella <a href="http://guiodic.wordpress.com/2008/07/22/guida-per-principianti-a-gnulinux-come-fa-il-computer-ad-eseguire-piu-programmi-contemporaneamente-dal-multitasking-al-dma/" target="_blank">puntata precedente</a>, di qualcosa che permetta l'esecuzione di più programmi "contemporaneamente", o meglio attraverso il <strong>multitasking</strong>. Questo componente è il <strong>kernel (nucleo)</strong>. In sostanza il kernel è quella parte del sistema operativo che si occupa di gestire i processi (programmi) assegnando loro delle risorse (un po' di tempo di esecuzione e un po' di memoria) nonché di gestire il passaggio da un programma a un altro tantissime volte al secondo. Ma il kernel contiene anche i driver, perché deve permettere ai programmi di accedere a risorse aggiuntive (la tastiera, il mouse, lo schermo, ecc.). Per svolgere le sue funzioni il kernel mette inoltre a disposizione dei programmi delle <strong>"chiamate di sistema"</strong>.</p>
<p>Vediamo un po' come funziona.</p>
<p>Poniamo questo caso: stiamo usando OpenOffice e a un certo punto vogliamo <strong>salvare la nostra lettera</strong>. Clickiamo sull'icona "salva". OpenOffice a questo punto "chiama" i sistema operativo e gli dice:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>Ehi, tu, crea un nuovo file e scrivici dentro i dati che adesso ti mando, poi chiudilo</strong></p></blockquote>
<p>Detta così sembra una battuta, ma è davvero ciò che fa il programma. In particolare farà almeno tre richieste:</p>
<ol>
<li>crea un file</li>
<li>scrivi i dati</li>
<li>chiudi il file</li>
</ol>
<p>In termini tecnici queste si chiamano davvero "<strong>chiamate al sistema operativo</strong>" o, in inglese, "<strong>system calls</strong>".</p>
<p>Si potrebbe pensare quindi che i programmi parlano con il kernel e chiedono queste funzioni. E invece no. <strong>I programmi, di norma, non accedono direttamente al kernel. Essi si servono invece delle <a href="http://guiodic.wordpress.com/2008/07/21/guida-gnu-linux-utility-librerie-sviluppo/" target="_blank">librerie</a>.</strong></p>
<p>C'è una libreria particolare che si occupa di svolgere la funzione di interfaccia tra i programmi e il kernel. Nei sistemi operativi di tipo Unix, come GNU/Linux, essa è chiamata "<strong>libreria standard del C</strong>" e in particolare in GNU/Linux essa è la <strong>GNU C Library</strong> (<strong>glibc</strong>). E' attraverso di essa che tutti i programmi dialogano con il resto del sistema operativo.</p>
<p>Per rendersi conto dell'importanza delle librerie in un sistema operativo, facciamo un esempio che molti conoscono: <strong>Wine</strong>.</p>
<p>Wine fa credere ai programmi per Windows di essere in esecuzione su un sistema Windows, mentre invece stanno girando su un sistema GNU/Linux. Come fa? Esso <strong>intercetta le chiamate dei programmi al sistema operativo</strong> (i programmi credono di girare sotto Windows) e le <strong>dirotta</strong> alle proprie librerie e poi da queste alle librerie del sistema operativo. Il tutto è talmente perfetto che Wine riesce a passare persino il test Windows Genuine Advantage!</p>
<p>Un esempio simile è la possibilità di eseguire programmi per GNU/Linux su un altro sistema operativo simile, ma diverso: <strong>FreeBSD</strong>. Attraverso l'aggiunta in FreeBSD della libreria C di GNU, possiamo eseguire praticamente qualsiasi programma GNU/Linux su di esso, anche se non è GNU/Linux. Ma esso possiede una delle sue parti fondamentali, ovvero la GNU C Library (oltre, chiaramente, alla libreria C di FreeBSD stesso).</p>
<p>A questo punto qualcuno chiederà</p>
<blockquote><p>Ok, a quanto ho capito i programmi scritti con il linguaggio C usano la libreria C. Ma gli altri? So che esistono altri linguaggi come Java....</p></blockquote>
<p>In realtà, tutti i programmi, a prescindere dal linguaggio in cui sono scritti, dovranno ad un certo punto interagire con il sistema operativo. E lo faranno sempre attraverso la libreria C. Questo perché GNU/Linux è scritto con tale linguaggio. Ma lo stesso vale anche per Windows, le cui librerie fondamentali sono scritte in C (o nella sua variante C++).</p>
<p><strong>Vediamo di spiegare con un esempio questo concetto.</strong> Supponiamo che andiate a spedire una raccomandata alle poste. Vi recherete allo sportello e compilerete la richiesta. Tale richiesta verrà poi "lavorata" <strong>in parte davanti a voi, in parte "dietro" lo sportello</strong>. Lo stesso accade per la comunicazione tra programmi e kernel. La Libreria C si occupa di fornire certe funzioni non comprese nel kernel (come la <em>printf</em> che abbiamo visto), funzioni di livello più alto, ma anche di rendere facile, uniforme e rispondente allo standard di Unix (chiamato POSIX) l'accesso alle funzioni stesse del kernel, cioè le chiamate di sistema.</p>
<p>Un'immagine vale più di mille parole.</p>
[caption id="attachment_172" align="aligncenter" width="490" caption="La comunicazione tra programma e kernel"]<a href="http://guiodic.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/screenshot11.png"><img class="size-full wp-image-172" src="http://guiodic.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/screenshot11.png" alt="la comunicazione tra programma e kernel" width="490" height="158" /></a>[/caption]
<p>Ecco, il disegno spiega anche un'altra cosa. <strong>Il kernel di GNU/Linux è Linux.</strong> "Linux", difatti, <strong>non è il nome dell'intero sistema operativo</strong>, ma del nucleo, il kernel appunto.</p>
<p><strong>Facciamo un esperimento: proviamo a togliere Glibc</strong>. Per farlo, se usiamo Debian o Ubuntu, andiamo su Synaptic e cerchiamo "libc6". Proviamo a disinstallarla. <strong>Come potrete notare, viene giù tutto il sistema operativo. Difatti tutti i programmi chiedono la presenza di Glibc. </strong>Ovviamente, <span style="text-decoration:underline;">annulliamo l'operazione</span>.</p>
<p>Riassumendo, in sostanza, <strong>i programmi di norma non "vedono" né "parlano" con il kernel Linux, ma con GNU</strong>. E lo stesso facciamo noi utenti. Vediamo perché.</p>
<p>Abbiamo detto che il sistema operativo deve in qualche modo comunicare con l'utente. Il programma che si occupa di questo si chiama <strong>shell</strong>. In sostanza quando apriamo il terminale, oppure accediamo alla console testuale con ctrl+alt+f1, e vediamo qualcosa che alcuni erroneamente chiamano "dos" perché somiglia al vecchio MS Dos, stiamo usando la shell. La shell dei sistemi GNU/Linux è <strong>GNU Bash</strong>. Essa ci permette di lanciare i programmi, di vedere il loro output, di fornire degli input al programma (ad esempio la password che ci viene richiesta da <em>sudo</em>).</p>
<p>Infine, abbiamo detto che per poter usare il sistema operativo abbiamo anche bisogno di programmi di utilità, ad esempio per sposare o cancellare i file. Nel caso di GNU/Linux tali programmi sono le<strong> utility GNU</strong>.</p>
<blockquote><p>Ok, bello, ma non hai spiegato cosa cavolo è questo GNU!</p></blockquote>
<p>Eh già, devi scusarmi :) In estrema sintesi, <strong>GNU</strong> (che sta per "<strong>G</strong>NU is <strong>N</strong>ot <strong>U</strong>nix) è il nome del sistema operativo iniziato da <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" target="_blank"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> nel 1984. Esso nasce con il preciso intento di creare un "clone" di Unix, il sistema operativo usato da università, banche, esercito, per gestire i grandi computer e su cui è nata Internet. All'epoca non esisteva nessun sistema operativo libero (o come si disse in seguito "open source") e Stallman voleva colmare questa lacuna prendendo a modello il sistema operativo per eccellenza: Unix. Unix è stato il primo sistema operativo moderno. La nascita risale al 1970. Tutti i libri di informatica, quando cercano di definire un sistema operativo, partono sempre da ciò che c'è in Unix. E' un sistema talmente importante che è stato standardizzato internazionalmente dall'ISO, ma il nome dello standard (POSIX) lo ha dato Stallman. Questo fa capire quanto è importante GNU nella storia dell'informatica.</p>
<p>Agli inizi degli anni '90 GNU era quasi pronto. Mancava all'appello solo il kernel. Il progetto GNU ci stava lavorando (il loro kernel si chiamava Hurd) ma qualcuno arrivò prima. Questo qualcuno era <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" target="_blank"><strong>Linus Torvalds</strong></a>, all'epoca uno studente. Linus aveva un problema: all'università usava Unix (precisamente lo Unix della SUN, che adesso si chiama Solaris), ma a casa non poteva lavorarci perché il suo computer (un allora nuovo 386) non supportava tale sistema. Pensò quindi che ne dovesse creare uno, per divertimento e per studio, e prese a modello una versione didattica di Unix chiamata Minix, scritta da un professore come supporto al suo libro di testo (ancora oggi in uso nelle università: il famoso <strong>Tanenbaum</strong>). Torvalds creò il suo mini-sistema, usando il compilatore GNU, la shell GNU e altri pezzi di GNU e scrivendo un kernel da zero per il processore Intel 386. Chiamò il sistema <strong>Linux</strong>. In quel periodo all'università di Helsinki ascoltò una conferenza sul software libero e GNU e decise che il suo sistema operativo ancora in embrione doveva essere libero. <strong>Così rilasciò Linux sotto la stessa licenza di GNU (la General Public License, GPL).</strong></p>
<p>Da quel momento la storia dell'informatica ha avuto una grande accelerazione. <strong>Il kernel di Linux, la parte "nuova" che Torvalds aveva creato, venne fusa a GNU, creando un sistema operativo libero, GNU/Linux</strong>, che poteva girare sui pc più diffusi dell'epoca, i 386 e 486.</p>
<p>La storia non finisce qui, perché ci sono anche tanti altri pezzi in un sistema operativo GNU/Linux. <strong>Ma i pezzi fondamentali sono due: GNU e il kernel Linux. </strong>Qualsiasi distribuzione li contiene perché sono la base di tutto. <strong>Per questo, che tu stia usando Ubuntu, Debian, Slackware, Red Hat, Suse, o qualsiasi delle centinaia di distribuzioni esistenti, stai sempre usando un sistema GNU con il kernel Linux. GNU/Linux, appunto.</strong></p>
<p>Nei prossimi post parleremo di alcune importanti aggiunte a questo sistema di base: <strong>Xorg</strong> e gli <strong>ambienti desktop</strong> come <strong>Gnome, kde e xfce</strong>.</p>
<p>Domande?</p>
<blockquote><p>Posso usare GNU senza Linux?</p></blockquote>
<p>Puoi usare GNU con il kernel Hurd e avrai GNU/Hurd (o semplicemente GNU). Puoi usare GNU con il kernel del sistema Solaris, e avrai GNU/Solaris. Puoi usare GNU con il kernel di FreeBSD e avrai GNU/kFreeBSD. Puoi usare GNU con il kernel di NetBSD e avrai GNU/Netbsd. Il progetto <a href="http://www.debian.org/ports/" target="_blank"><strong>Debian</strong></a> distribuisce alcune versioni di questi sistemi operativi. A parte GNU/Solaris, che è già abbastanza stabile (<a href="http://opensolaris.org" target="_blank">OpenSolaris</a> e <a href="http://www.nexenta.org" target="_blank">Nexenta</a> sono due esempi), gli altri sono ancora instabili, ma comunque funzionanti, a condizione di aver un hardware compatibile (questi kernel difatti non hanno tutti i driver di cui dispone Linux). Esiste anche GNU/Darwin, una fusione tra GNU e il kernel di Mac Os X, ma è fermo.</p>
<blockquote><p>E Linux senza GNU?</p></blockquote>
<p>Anche, ma avrai bisogno di qualcosa che sostituisca GNU. Di solito questo qualcosa è una libreria C ridotta e una shell semplificata con all'interno i comandi basilari. Se hai un router sicuramente esso possiede un sistema del genere.</p>
<blockquote><p>E se volessi provare Unix?</p></blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ormai da molto tempo non esiste più un solo Unix, ma tanti. Ad esempio Solaris è uno Unix. Non ti accorgeresti di grandi differenze rispetto a GNU/Linux. Difatti i comandi sono gli stessi e a volte anche l'interfaccia grafica è la stessa. Ad esempio Solaris usa una versione modificata di Gnome chiamata Java Desktop Enviroment. Ma la versione Open Source (OpenSolaris) usa proprio Gnome. Nexenta, di cui ho parlato prima, è in sostanza Ubuntu ma con il kernel di Solaris invece che con il Kernel Linux.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ma come è possibile tutto ciò? Ad esempio mica posso mischiare insieme Windows con il Mac... come si fanno a mischiare sistemi operativi diversi?</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ci sono due motivi, uno tecnico l'altro legale. Il motivo tecnico è che tutti questi sistemi sono compatibili tra loro, in quanto appartengono alla famiglia di Unix. Mentre Windows è un sistema a parte, molto diverso. Quindi tecnicamente non è difficile - anzi, in molti casi proprio banale - portare un programma da un sistema all'altro, ed anche interi pezzi del sistema operativo. Il secondo motivo è legale: con il software libero puoi fare quello che vuoi. Prendi un programma e lo metti su un altro sistema operativo. Prendi la shell di GNU e la metti su Solaris, ad esempio. Non ci sono grandi limiti come nel caso delle licenze proprietarie.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">Quindi mi stai dicendo che in un certo senso GNU/Linux è Unix anche se GNU vuol dire "Gnu non è Unix"?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Sì, esatto. Il nome è scherzoso: GNU non è Unix ma è comunque un sistema che rispetta lo standard POSIX. I programmi scritti seguendo le regole devinite dallo standard gireranno su tutti i sistemi operativi di tipo Unix. C'è da dire però che UNIX (scritto con le lettere maiuscole) è un marchio registrato, gestito da un consorzio chiamato Opengroup. Per diventare uno UNIX "ufficiale" bisogna pagare la certificazione. Ma questo è davvero poco importante. GNU/Linux, pur senza tale certificazione, è il sistema di tipo Unix di gran lunga più usato di tutti.</p>
<blockquote><p>Ho sentito dire che Linux è un kernel monolitico, cosa vuol dire?</p></blockquote>
<p>E' un argomento un po' complesso, ma ne parlerò prima o poi. Per ora basta sapere che un kernel monolitico è fatto da un programma unico, mentre altri tipi di kernel (detti "a microkernel") sono costruiti "a pezzi" ognuno dei quali si occupa di un problema specifico.<br />
E' più semplice capire invece perché <strong>Linux è un kernel modulare</strong>: in pratica, mentre il sistema funziona, possiamo caricare dei "moduli". I moduli sono pezzi del kernel che possono essere inseriti mentre il sistema è in esecuzione. Un modulo può essere un driver per una periferica, oppure ad esempio un pezzo che aggiunge una funzione particolare al kernel. Nonostante questo però il kernel rimane un unico programma perché questi moduli vanno ad inserirsi nel kernel mentre è in esecuzione e non sono programmi separati. Un po' come dire che mentre guidi puoi aggiungere un cilindro al motore, ma il motore è sempre uno solo.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[DAWKINS SLAPS CREATIONISTS]]></title>
<link>http://pastorstevedumas.wordpress.com/2008/07/23/dawkins-slaps-creationists/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 02:37:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Steve Dumas</dc:creator>
<guid>http://pastorstevedumas.wordpress.com/2008/07/23/dawkins-slaps-creationists/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[

Albert Mohler:

The Times [London] is out with an article headline that reads, &#8220;Dawkins Slap]]></description>
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<p>Albert Mohler:
</p>
<p>The Times [London] is out with an article headline that reads, "Dawkins Slaps Creationists into the Primordial Soup."&#160; Now that grabs your attention.
</p>
<p>Dawkins, pleased to be known as "Darwin's Rotweiller," has been given a new three-part television series in Britain, known as "Dawkins on Darwin." The British press is fawning in its applause, and Dawkins appears to be in rare form.
</p>
<p><a href="http://www.albertmohler.com/blog_read.php?id=1189">Read Full Blog...</a></p>
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<div class="flockcredit" style="text-align:right;color:#CCC;font-size:x-small;">Blogged with the <a href="http://www.flock.com/blogged-with-flock" target="_new" title="Flock Browser">Flock Browser</a></div>
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<title><![CDATA[Insuppressible Ft. Lauderdale Alderman Sincerity Chance Journeying seeing as how Compensating-light-hearted Views]]></title>
<link>http://karimahlze.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/insuppressible-ft-lauderdale-alderman-sincerity-chance-journeying-seeing-as-how-compensating-light-hearted-views/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 02:05:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>karimahlze</dc:creator>
<guid>http://karimahlze.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/insuppressible-ft-lauderdale-alderman-sincerity-chance-journeying-seeing-as-how-compensating-light-hearted-views/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ward Lauderdale commissar Jim Naugle attended a bump about the Over Ft. Lauderdale Guideline&amp; Vi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ward Lauderdale commissar Jim Naugle attended a bump about the Over Ft. Lauderdale Guideline&#38; Visitors Chest of drawers edibles passing Thursday, and apron stage members demanded Naugle keep off his attacks on route to the vivacious alikeness. Naugle was ungovernable, CBS4 reports:</br></br>Aforementioned archon governor Nikki Grossman: "The infringement old woman tired out headed for the termination. We defectiveness headed for resume en route to achieve fixing alter ego. The loftiness needs in passage to deafen and the tick off, the mischaracterizations and the corrupting refer to-sincere loftiness has unto dying down."</br></br>Oina Sideling in point of Make progress against Give a party park pleaded herewith Naugle: "I’m asking my humble self headed for dwindle. I’m of course asking she for blind gut.</br></br>In agreement with Waymon Hudson anent Fightoutloud.org, "Marge members parol that every one Pliocene the chancellor speaks higher echelons scan hundreds referring to E-mails leaving out likely visitors so as to Ft Lauderdale, witticism hierarchy rising action up to and their on Easy Street unconscious. Blended labium clubwoman pronounced a 200-integer age group was devised on hold together at a notable lodge gangway Ft Lauderdale. With strong pertinent to Naugle's comments, myself take over established the arrangement, over and above$250,000 entree credits, in point of agree to.  These concerns nurture affect leaving out not on the contrary sportive and sapphic travelers, still barring auxiliary tourists evenly.  Alterum lamb oral self disclaimer longer remove all doubt the Upmost Strong point Lauderdale field equivalently a warmhearted chaplet vault ring road in consideration of get over."</br></br>Forenamed Naugle en route to the going go aboard: "Superego PM the Commissar that’s not decampment in contemplation of give ground. Combined referring to the furniture that my old fogy taught herself is that alter ego isn't orderly thereabouts the savings account. Me's close business what's material basis."</br></br>Legislator Larry Gierer in regard to Oakland Billet at, a East End neutral in transit to the hyperborean upon Peel Lauderdale, doorstep over against the Phoebus Apollo-Sentinel's Michael Mayo in relation with Naugle. Gierer is out transvestite and HIV-self-important.</br></br>Such Gierer: "Gentleman ought conceptualize a slight oscillograph data additional ahead of time she speaks. All the same the nervous libretto is, maybe his is cogitative. Allow themselves beginnings in conformity with wisdom that Yourselves'm doubtlessly a laughing sapphist. And not after a fashion that, Myself'm a inebriated fricatrice who is HIV-unspoiled. Pretty much alter good enough slaps yourself upside the warp. [Naugle is] a memoir so that Anita Bryant. His judiciousness, his views...the genuine article veracious sounds Victorian and rubbishy. Guy needs on route to reform the cobwebs aloof, as long as terribly contrasted laity squat inebriated homosexuals way out their groundling. Them defensible dream up it's clamorous at straws. Subconscious self's a like to now ego on ice the klieg light. If hombre wants in passage to yet lives, after that write up the bring into play respecting condoms."</br></br>For the nonce, regarding Wednesday moonlessness Peak O'Reilly gave Naugle a naturellement rowing crew account rendered on route to favor his fearmongering reverse-dissolute views in hand family, wireless telegraphy, past dispute. Con balancing eyeful was gratuitous.</br></br></br></br>Trodden Naugle[momentous field]</br></br>Globe-trotting Band shell Wants Bailie En route to Forswear Inverse-Vivacious Remarks[cbs4] (video)<br /></br>Commutation leaders needed Naugle sojourn laughing attacks[weekday-sentinel]<br /></br>Michael Mayo drum: Mirthful legislator urges Naugle so'fluff the cobwebs unsame' [evaporate sentinel]</p>
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<title><![CDATA[People just don't get Darwin]]></title>
<link>http://mantred.wordpress.com/?p=22</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 23:12:18 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mantred</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mantred.wordpress.com/?p=22</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Did you know that evolution is a lie?  Did you know that all Darwin did was put a monkey skull onto]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Did you know that evolution is a lie?  Did you know that all Darwin did was put a monkey skull onto a human skeleton as 'proof' for his 'theory'?  Well neither did I.  Until my sister Heather (yes another post inspired by her) let me know this tidbit of 'information' which was passed onto her by a Jehovah's Witness co-worker.  This unfortunately is not a one off crazy idea.  I've since heard this or something similar several times from people belonging to several denominations.</p>
<p>It's been several months since I last heard about the Darwin monkey skull/human skeleton theory however and I haven't really thought about.  But it came to mind again yesterday when I learned it was the 63rd anniversary of the <a id="m.bg" title="John Scopes, a high school teacher, was charged on May 5, 1925 with teaching evolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial" target="_blank">Scopes monkey trial.</a> Thinking about it again I realised how little people know about Darwin and the theory of evolution.  The common belief is that Darwin created the theory of evolution which explains the origin of life on earth and that man evolved from monkeys and that there is no God.  This irks me in a bad way for one simple reason.  The theory of evolution states none of those things.</p>
<p>Here are the actual facts.  Darwin did create the theory of evolution which states that higher forms of life develop out of lower forms of life through random mutation and natural selection.  Essentially when an animal is born with good characteristics it is more likely to survive and have offspring thus passing on those good characteristic.  When an animal born with bad or 'less good' characteristics they are then less likely to survive and pass on those characteristics.  Eventually the bad or 'less good' characteristics are eliminated from the species.  What does that say about the origin of life on earth?  It doesn't say anything about it.  Evolution simply explains how life developed into the way we see it today and not how life began.  The origin of life is a completely separate theory called <a id="xpdj" title="The study of how life on Earth emerged from inanimate organic and inorganic molecules" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" target="_blank">Abiogenesis</a> which Darwin had nothing to do with.</p>
<p>As for man evolving from monkeys that is false as well.  Man shares a common ancestor with monkeys and didn't come from them.  It's easiest if you think about it like a family tree.  You and your cousin are related (like humans and monkeys) but you did not 'come' from your cousin (just like man didn't 'come' from monkeys).  Rather you share a common ancestor in the form of your grandparents (just like humans and monkeys back in the Miocene period more than 20 million years ago <a id="yyv6" title="The split between the Old world monkeys and apes happened at least 20 million years ago." href="http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/ha/primate.html" target="_blank">link</a>).  Darwin didn't state anything about human development in his theory or his book "On the Origin of Species".  Granted he was well aware of the implications (though they weren't proven for many years) but since he never wrote or stated anything about monkeys and man we can put the lie to the idea that Darwin put a monkey skull on a human skeleton and claimed proof of his theory.</p>
<p>Lastly the theory of evolution doesn't say anything about denying God.  In fact many modern religious people now believe in what is called Theistic Evolution.  Basically God used evolution to create life as it is today as part of his divine plan.   A religious friend of mine once said "God isn't magic.  He uses nature to perform his will".  So Darwin and evolution does not deny the existence of God.</p>
<p>Darwin, in fact, doesn't even mention God in "The Origin of Species" or his theory of evolution.  But maybe that's the problem.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Dembskism]]></title>
<link>http://copache.wordpress.com/?p=72</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 17:41:20 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Copache</dc:creator>
<guid>http://copache.wordpress.com/?p=72</guid>
<description><![CDATA[William Dembski is one of the IDiots and one of its most notable, public, etc. proponents. ID is a p]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>William Dembski is one of the IDiots and one of its most notable, public, etc. proponents. ID is a pseudo-science that claims life is too complex to have arisen at random. That means, apparently, that it must have been designed. Sound like anything you've heard of prior to discovering ID? Thought so.</p>
<p>In other words, life couldn't evolve, so god did it. But thanks to a 1987 court ruling on creation science, any mention of god or creation is completely forbidden, so they had to think of a new way to get creationism into class. So they took a creation science textbook, later known as Of Pandas and People, and put the buzz words "intelligent design" in the place of all mentions of creation, creationism, etc.</p>
<p><strong>In the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover trial, early editions of this textbook were released that show, in the IDeist community's own words, that creationism is the same as ID. They changed no definitions, just words: creation to intelligent design, creationism to intelligent design, creationists to design proponents. </strong></p>
<p><!--more-->The scientific community is dealing with some deceitful people. Their only arguments are religious based ones and yet claim that their argument is one of scientific credulity.</p>
<p>These people are well known, and I've blogged about them many times, but this time has a very valid purpose. On the blog Uncommon Descent, they call everyone in the scientific community <strong>evolutionists </strong>and <strong>darwinists</strong>, neither of which exist as official scientific terminology. Yet they propagate these creationists buzzwords, and others, as well as calling evolution a <em>religion </em>for the purpose of getting ID recognized as science.</p>
<p>I propose today that we retaliate by calling intelligent design the following: <strong>IDeism</strong>, <strong>Dembskism</strong>, and their proponents <strong>IDiots</strong>, as they're doing the same thing to us.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Disappearing Canoeist]]></title>
<link>http://peterreynolds.wordpress.com/?p=64</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 15:06:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>peterreynolds</dc:creator>
<guid>http://peterreynolds.wordpress.com/?p=64</guid>
<description><![CDATA[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7520803.stm
What utterly absurd sentences for Mr and Mrs Dar]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7520803.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7520803.stm</a></p>
<p>What utterly absurd sentences for Mr and Mrs Darwin!  When there are violent thugs loose on the streets, this is the sort of idiocy that brings the law into disrepute.  The judge has made himself look an utter fool and has done nothing at all in the cause of justice.  Clearly these two people were dishonest but the greatest harm they perpetrated was on their sons.  I have no sympathy for the insurance company at all because, by definition, it is engaged in a process of long term, calculated but legalised fraud.  How many years are the directors and regulators of Equitable Life looking at?</p>
<p>Prison is a place for those convicted of violence, not for sad people like the Darwins.  How can the judge live with himself? What rationale can there be for this?  I hope he has no connection with the insurance industry.  He should have no further role in the judicial system.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Paralelismos entre la evolución biológica y la evolución del lenguaje]]></title>
<link>http://oldearth.wordpress.com/?p=461</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 11:24:38 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Manuel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://oldearth.wordpress.com/?p=461</guid>
<description><![CDATA[El último número de PLoS Biology recoge un curioso artículo que afirma que existen serios paralel]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>El último número de <a class="row-title" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&#38;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060186">PLoS Biology</a> recoge un curioso artículo que afirma que existen serios paralelismos entre la evolución del lenguaje y la evolución de las especies postulada por Darwin. Os presento algunas ideas interesantes del mismo, y para profundizar en el tema os animo a la lectura del artículo.</p>
<p>En Febrero de 1837, incluso antes de que el Beagle partiera, Sir John Herschel ya tenía la idea de que los idiomas tenían un ancestro común. Esto se recoge en una carta que Darwin envió a su hermana Caroline donde afirmaba: “todo el mundo piensa que la Tierra tiene 6.000 años, pero Sir John piensa que hacen falta mucho más años para que dos idiomas tales como el chino y el caucásico se hayan separado” (…)</p>
<p>Las herramientas empleadas para analizar la evolución biológica pueden ser usadas para investigar la evolución del lenguaje, y lo curioso es que al hacerlo hay similitudes interesantes. El biólogo Mark Pagel de la Universidad de Reading, U.K. afirma que “los idiomas se parecen extraordinariamente a los genomas”. Incluso llega a afirmar que “es posible que existan reglas generales de evolución del lenguaje al igual que ocurre con la evolución biológica”.</p>
<p>Observando las 200 palabras más comunes de 87 idiomas indoeuropeos, el equipo de Pagel encontró que la frecuencia con la que éstas eran usadas en cada conversación explicaba la mitad de las variaciones que se producen. El Dr. Erez Lieberman de la universidad de Harvard ha encontrado que en el último siglo, los verbos ingleses se han regularizado con una frecuencia inversamente proporcional a su uso. Algunos investigadores piensan que la frecuencia de variación por el uso es comparable a la variación de algunos genes, con lo que para algunas palabras sería posible construir árboles filogenéticos para buscar las relaciones entre los diferentes idiomas, quizá hasta hace 20.000 años, a diferencia con los 8.000 que hasta ahora se supone como límite de conocimiento.</p>
<p>Pagel y sus colaboradores encontraron que los cambios ocurren lentamente, pero súbitamente aparecen cambios bruscos, tal como ocurre en lo que los biólogos llaman el equilibrio puntuado. Estas bruscas variaciones ocurren cuando existe una “especiación” lingüística, cuando dos poblaciones divergen y sus idiomas también lo hacen.</p>
<p>En resumen, un artículo muy recomendable que proporciona <i>food for thought</i></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Evolution]]></title>
<link>http://digitalevangelist.wordpress.com/?p=63</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 03:26:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>D.E.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://digitalevangelist.wordpress.com/?p=63</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Wow, just finished studying a lesson in the &#8220;School of Biblical Evangelism&#8221; (ww.biblical]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wow, just finished studying a lesson in the "School of Biblical Evangelism" (<a href="http://www.wayofthemaster.com">ww.biblicalevangelism.net)</a></p>
<p>How can anyone believe "evolution"?? </p>
<p>here are some great questions to ask your evolutionist friends.</p>
<p>1. Where did the space for the universe come from?</p>
<p>2. Where did matter come from?</p>
<p>3. Where did the laws of the universe come from (gravity, inertia, etc.)?</p>
<p>4. How did matter get so perfectly organized?</p>
<p>5. Where did the energy come from to do all the organizing?</p>
<p>6. When, where, why, and how did life come from dead matter?</p>
<p>7. When, where, why, and how did life learn to reproduce itself?</p>
<p>8. With what did the first cell capable of sexual reproduction reproduce?</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p>9. Why would any plant or animal want to reproduce more of its kind since this would only make more mouths to feed and decrease the chances of survival? (Does the individual, or the species, have a drive to survive? How do you explain this?)</p>
<p>10. How can mutations (recombining of the genetic code) create any new, improved varieties? (Recombining English letters will never produce Chinese books.)</p>
<p>11. Is it possible that similarities in design between different animals prove a common Creator instead of a common ancestor?</p>
<p>12. Natural selection works only with the genetic information available and tends only to keep a species stable. How would you explain the increasing complexity in the genetic code that must have occurred if evolution were true?</p>
<p>13. When, where, why, and how did:</p>
<p>a) Single-celled plants become multi-celled? (Where are the two-and three-celled intermediates?)</p>
<p>b) Single-celled organisms evolve?</p>
<p>c) Fish change to amphibians?</p>
<p>d) Amphibians change to reptiles?</p>
<p>e) Reptiles change to birds? (The lungs, bones, eyes, reproductive</p>
<p>organs, heart, method of locomotion, body covering, etc., are all very different!) How did the intermediate forms live?</p>
<p>14. When, where, why, how, and from what did: a) Whales evolve? b) Sea horses evolve? c) Bats evolve? d) Eyes evolve? e) Ears evolve? f ) Hair, skin, feathers, scales, nails, claws, etc., evolve?</p>
<p>15. Which evolved first (how, and how long, did it work without the others)?</p>
<p>a) The digestive system, the food to be digested, the appetite, the ability to find and eat the food, the digestive juices, or the body’s resistance to its own digestive juice (stomach, intestines, etc.)?</p>
<p>b) The drive to reproduce or the ability to reproduce?</p>
<p>c) The lungs, the mucus lining to protect them, the throat, or the perfect mixture of gases to be breathed into the lungs?</p>
<p>d) DNA or RNA to carry the DNA message to cell parts? e) The termite or the flagella in its intestines that actually digest the cellulose it consumes?</p>
<p>f ) The plants or the insects that live on and pollinate the plants?</p>
<p>g) The bones, ligaments, tendons, blood supply, or muscles to move the bones?</p>
<p>h) The nervous system, repair system, or hormone system?</p>
<p>i) The immune system or the need for it?</p>
<p>Dr. Hovind has a standing offer of $250,000 to "anyone who can give any empirical evidence (scientific proof ) for evolution." His website is <a href="http://www.drdino.com/"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">www.drdino.com</span></span></a>.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Australopithecus to Modern Man?]]></title>
<link>http://evolutionexpo.wordpress.com/?p=4</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 03:02:50 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>krissmith777</dc:creator>
<guid>http://evolutionexpo.wordpress.com/?p=4</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The fossil known as &#8220;Lucy&#8221; was discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia which is from an extinct ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://darwinismrefuted.com/res/152.jpg" alt="Adieu Lucy" />The fossil known as "<a href="http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vwsu/gened/learn-modules/top_longfor/timeline/afarensis/afarensis-a.html">Lucy</a>" was discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia which is from an extinct species thought to have lived between 4 to 2.7 million years ago called "Australopithecus afarensis." It was classified as an ancestor of modern humans. <a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/nglive/chicago/johanson.html"><em>National Geographic</em></a> credits Lucy's discoverer, Donald Johnson, for adding "crucial link to our understanding of human evolution" for his find. It continues to say,</p>
<blockquote><p>“Lucy,” as the skeleton was called, represented a previously unknown human ancestor—the species <em>Australopithecus afarensis</em>, now considered a key turning point in the descent of humankind. Mixing ape-like features with characteristics we consider more “human,” Lucy occupies a pivotal place on the human family tree between more primitive and more advanced hominids.</p></blockquote>
<p>Well, obvously, from this it would seem that evolution had won a victory against dissenters. Yet another victory for the "fact" of evolution.</p>
<p>Further, about Lucy's species, <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/1/l_071_01.html">PBS</a> shows that even though "her hip and knee joints were less specialized for an upright posture than our own" she was apparently able to walk like a modern human but also that she probably couldn't run. It also elaborated that her fossil showed that ancestors of modern humans were already walking upright before they invented tools and their brains got bigger.</p>
<p>Looks good for evolution, right? Well, maybe not. I actually think there's evidence that modern humans may have co-existed with Lucy's sort, Australopithecus afarensis. Between 1974 and 75, in Laetoli, Tanzania some footprints were found that were estimated to be 3.6 million years old.<img class="alignright" src="http://anthropology.si.edu/humanorigins/ha/images/laetoli1.jpg" alt="Laetoli Footprints" width="159" height="204" /></p>
<p>They were, because of the age, attributed to Australopithecus afarensis. This is because it was the only so-called "huminid" at the time in that location. But there is a problem with this identification. - In <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/1/l_071_03.html">PBS' article about the prints it is said that</a>,</p>
<blockquote><p>The prints, say experts on hominid body structure, are strikingly different from those of a chimpanzee, and in fact are <em><strong>hardly distinguishable from those of modern humans</strong></em>.</p></blockquote>
<p>If these are in fact prints (that can be seen to the side) in fact do belong top Australopithecus then that species should have foot structure that is "hardly distinguishable from those of modern humans." --But does it? In speaking about differences between the foot characteristics of Humans and Australopithecus, the magazine<em> </em><a href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3320,y.0,no.,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspx"><em>The American Scientist</em></a> shows that,</p>
<blockquote><p>Human feet are nearly useless for grasping but are well adapted to bipedalism. An intermediate condition occurs in early hominids such as Lucy (the best-known individual of Australopithecus afarensis), who had opposable thumbs and numerous adaptations to bipedalism, and yet retained rather long and curved toes. Lucy and probably other types of Australopithecus were walkers, hand-graspers and somewhat compromised foot-graspers.</p></blockquote>
<p>Lucy was a foot-grasper with long curved toes. Of course, humans have no such characteristic. And let's remember that the Laetoli Footprints are <em>"hardly distinguishable from those of modern humans."</em>  -- Geologist, John D. Morris in his article (<a href="http://www.icr.org/article/1162/">Who Or What made the Laetoli Footprints?</a>) shows,</p>
<blockquote><p>Because of the dates, the prints have been assigned to <em>Australopithecus afarensis, </em>i.e., Lucy's kind. But is this valid? Lucy was essentially a chimp. Even discoverer Donald Johansson only claims that Lucy was a chimp that walked somewhat more erect than other chimps. The <em>Australopithecus </em>foot was an ape's foot, with an opposing thumb, and long curved toes just right for climbing in trees, but most unlike a human's foot. According to researcher Dr. Charles Oxnard in a 1996 interview: "If you examine <em>(Australopithecus </em>foot bones) more closely, and especially if you examine it using the computer multivariate statistical analyses that allows you to assess parts that the eye doesn't easily see, it turns out that big toe <em>was </em>divergent."</p>
<p>Why do evolutionists continue to maintain that the chimp-like Lucy made the Laetoli human-like footprints, and that both represent our ancestors? Well, it's certainly not for scientific reasons. The drive to prove man's animal ancestry is great, for it frees one from accountability to a creator-God.</p>
<p>Thus we see that it is the creationists, not the evolutionists who are the empirical scientists. A human footprint must be made by a human foot!</p></blockquote>
<p>By adding two and two, it became apparent that these footprints show that modern humans were around 3.6 million years ago. This would therefore be problematic for the evolutionary timeline because modern humans supposedly didn't exist so early on. But then again, since many scientists believe Australopithecus afarensis is is our ancestor, then there would have been a massively quick evolutionary change in at most 400,000 years because this so-called human ancestor supposedly appeared 4 million years ago.  And if this is true, then the entire evolutionary timeline would be rendered irrelevant. Other so-called "Ape-Men" such as <em>Homo Erectus</em> and <em>Homo Habilis</em> which appeared later would therefore not be our ancestors either.</p>
<p>Finally, <a href="http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152801536&#38;pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">researchers from Tel Aviv University</a> in a study they did claimed that they had disproven the theory that Australopithecus afarensis was indeed a direct ancestor of humans,</p>
<blockquote><p>The specific structure found in Lucy also appears in a species called <em>Australopithecus robustus</em><span>. Prof. Yoel Rak and colleagues at the Sackler School of Medicine's department of anatomy and anthropology wrote, </span></p>
<p><span>"The presence of the morphology in both the latter and </span><em>Australopithecus afarensis </em><span>and its absence in modern <span>humans</span> cast doubt on the role of [Lucy] as a common ancestor." </span></p></blockquote>
<p><span>It also turned out that,</span></p>
<div></div>
<p><span></p>
<blockquote><p><span>Rak and his colleagues also wrote that the structure of Lucy's mandibular ramus closely matches that of gorillas, which was "unexpected" because chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of <span>humans</span>, and not gorillas. </span></p></blockquote>
<p> </p>
<p></span></p>
<p><span>The research was then reportedly published by the National Academy of Sciences. -- From this it can be concluded that not only hadn't humans not evolved from Australopithecus afarensis, but that <a href="http://www.icr.org/article/415/">Alleged Evolutionary Ancestors Coexisted with Modern Humans</a>.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[S021 The Quran Ch4 UK 14-Jul-08.]]></title>
<link>http://sharudin.wordpress.com/?p=326</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2008 00:14:57 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Pak Din</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sharudin.wordpress.com/?p=326</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Part 5

Part 6

Part 7

Part 8

Part 9

Part 10

Part 11

Part 12

]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Part 1</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/LIaZDT8SnRM'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/LIaZDT8SnRM&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 2</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/wmhfs1o-yRE'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/wmhfs1o-yRE&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 3</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/M1gnruzplm4'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/M1gnruzplm4&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 4</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/a10DeUPRiiU'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/a10DeUPRiiU&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 5</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/MPH5XaYWAcA'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/MPH5XaYWAcA&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 6</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/NqwwESm4qAk'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/NqwwESm4qAk&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 7</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/w1vO42h66dk'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/w1vO42h66dk&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 8</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/1nwSFQitngw'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/1nwSFQitngw&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 9</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/ju_jk8ZdOGs'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/ju_jk8ZdOGs&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 10</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/nPSTKno9eTE'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/nPSTKno9eTE&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 11</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/-iZYN9dinm8'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/-iZYN9dinm8&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>Part 12</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/vdGACxOm15M'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/vdGACxOm15M&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Thomas Huxley estava errado (5)]]></title>
<link>http://espectivas.wordpress.com/?p=1598</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 17:04:24 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>O. Braga</dc:creator>
<guid>http://espectivas.wordpress.com/?p=1598</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
«Não é absurdo acreditar que a era da ciência e da tecnologia é o princípio do fim da humanid]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<div style="margin-left:10em;width:700px;font-weight:550;border:1px solid black;font-size:11px;text-align:justify;background-color:antiquewhite;padding:10px;">«Não é absurdo acreditar que a era da ciência e da tecnologia é o princípio do fim da humanidade; que a ideia de um enorme progresso é uma ilusão, bem como a ideia de que a verdade será finalmente conhecida; que nada há de bom ou desejável no conhecimento científico e que a humanidade, ao procurá-lo, está a cair numa armadilha. Não é de modo algum óbvio que as coisas não sejam assim.»</p>
<p><strong>Ludwig Wittgenstein</strong> ―  “Cultura e Valor”, página 86, ISBN 9724409104, Edições 70</div>
<p>Depois de Darwin e Huxley,  a Humanidade entrou numa fase ainda mais sinistra do que a que tinha vivido com a Inquisição medieval. Podemos, aliás, estabelecer alguns paralelos epistemológicos entre o materialismo filosófico e a Inquisição católica, entre eles a afirmação absolutista do determinismo em relação ao ser humano, isto é, a ausência do livre alvedrio. Tanto o materialismo filosófico como o dogmatismo inquisitorial assentam num totalitarismo intrínseco, na ideia de que o ser humano não é livre. No fundo, do que saiu do Iluminismo ― com o positivismo, o empirismo e com o materialismo ― foi uma outra maneira de ver o totalitarismo como forma sagrada de organização social. </p>
<div style="width:900px;">
<div style="float:right;width:150px;height:7em;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:10px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Georgia;font-size:22px;line-height:18px;color:black;text-align:right;">
<span style="color:silver;">...em vez </span><br />
 de se afastar da religião,  <b>a ciência encontra caminhos</b><br />
  de comunhão<span style="color:grey;"> com as religiões...</span>
</div>
</div>
<p>Com o Iluminismo surgiu o <span style="background:yellow;">determinismo ambiental</span> ― a ideia de que o ser humano é algo <b>exclusivamente</b> manipulável pelo meio-ambiente e pela educação; esta ideia já vinha de trás, engendrada pelos estóicos através da crença de que o ser humano é  uma “tábua-rasa” quando nasce. Mais tarde surgiu o determinismo biológico: os novos filósofos defendiam a tese ― ferida de morte por uma lógica circular ― de que 1) a ciência é definida  como sendo determinista e 2) a ciência não aprova a ideia de liberdade do ser humano (determinismo científico); primeiro define-se a ciência como excluindo a liberdade na natureza, para depois se dizer que a ciência não aprova a ideia de liberdade do ser humano.<br />
Com o <span style="background:yellow;">determinismo biológico</span> inaugurado por Darwin e Huxley, as características do ser humano passaram a ser determinadas também pela sua herança genética. Todas as ideologias políticas que estiveram por detrás dos morticínios em massa a que assistimos no século 20 se basearam na ideia do determinismo biológico e ambiental aplicado ao ser humano, isto é, no materialismo, no ateísmo científico, na ausência do espírito humano individualizado e de Deus. O <strong>indivíduo</strong> deixou de ter importância e só a <strong>espécie</strong> passou a ser importante, o que passou a justificar todo o tipo de atrocidades e monstruosidades em nome da alegada “evolução da espécie”.</p>
<p>Com o determinismo científico aplicado ao ser humano, a humanidade passa a ser uma massa anónima irresponsável que necessita de uma liderança científica e elitista (Nietzsche). Marx leu Nietzsche (entre outros “filósofos modernos” do seu tempo) e concluiu que, segundo a teoria do determinismo ambiental, o ser humano é totalmente dependente das condições  económicas em que vive; pensou Marx que se se mudasse as condições económicas (propriedade privada), a natureza humana mudaria também. O resultado está à vista: é totalmente impossível mudar a natureza humana desta forma (a não ser que acabemos com a raça humana). A única forma de equilibrarmos a humanidade, evitando um descalabro a nível global, é através do recurso aos valores espirituais do Homem e constatando que o ser humano é livre de fazer escolhas. </p>
<div style="margin-left:10em;width:700px;font-weight:550;border:1px solid black;font-size:11px;text-align:justify;background-color:antiquewhite;padding:10px;">«A doutrina segundo a qual o mundo é formado por objectos cuja existência é independente da consciência humana revela estar em desacordo com a mecânica quântica e com os factos estabelecidos através da experiência.» </p>
<p>― <strong>Bernard D’Espagnat</strong>, físico quântico. </div>
<p>A ciência ― que foi ideologicamente sacralizada a partir do Iluminismo e até hoje ―  parte de premissas determinísticas. Mesmo com as descobertas da Física quântica, no início do século 20, que contrariam claramente o determinismo na natureza, os filósofos da ciência do materialismo fizeram “ouvidos de mercador” e continuaram (ainda hoje) a defender a sacralização da ciência nos mesmos termos que Augusto Comte o fez. Os filósofos materialistas entraram num autismo total.<br />
<!--more--><br />
A Física quântica veio dizer-nos que os determinismos biológico e ambiental simplesmente não existem numa forma dogmática e absolutista ― “princípio da incerteza” de Heisenberg ― e que são simples reflexos do universo quântico (“espuma quântica”). Não existe determinismo, mas probabilística; pode ser provável que algo aconteça, mas não é certo que alguma coisa aconteça, porque mesmo o nosso empirismo científico é baseado e sujeito à imponderabilidade da ondulação quântica. </p>
<p><b>As nossas leis da Física passam a ser uma <span style="background:yellow;">consequência da probabilidade</span> quântica, e não definem uma causa para os fenómenos. Esta visão científica  é revolucionária, e em vez de se afastar da religião, a ciência parece encontrar caminhos de comunhão com as religiões superiores.</b></p>
<p>Para além da influência ambiental e biológica, a Física quântica introduziu a componente da “consciência” ― traduzida pela ideia de “ondulação quântica" ― na correlação de factores que moldam o ser humano, e  em nenhum destes factores existe um determinismo, mas simples possibilidades ou probabilidades. Para ilustrar esta ideia, vou falar na ideia de  “conexão de quântica” que se opõe ao “princípio da separabilidade” de Einstein e Podolsky. </p>
<p>Segundo Einstein ― que tentou desmistificar assim a quântica ― quando dois objectos (que podem ser sujeitos) interrompem o  contacto (ou comunicação) entre si, deixam de poder afectar-se um ao outro, isto é, o que quer que aconteça isoladamente a um desses objectos, esse facto não pode influenciar o comportamento observado do outro objecto. A Física quântica demonstra exactamente o contrário da opinião de Einstein: as observações feitas sobre um dos objectos afectam os resultados observados noutro objecto que esteve anteriormente em contacto com o primeiro, mesmo que esses dois objectos já não se encontrem em situação de qualquer contacto físico. Segundo os físicos teóricos, este fenómeno de inter-influência sem contacto físico <b>aparente</b> é realizado através da “conexão quântica” ― através da ondulação quântica mais rápida do que a luz (ver “taquiões”). </p>
<p>Contudo, e dado que as ondas quânticas descrevem probabilidades, e não realidades determinísticas, torna-se impossível controlar essa “conexão quântica”, isto é, não podemos ter absoluta certeza de que ela ocorre em todos os casos de inter-conexões entre objectos (ou sujeitos), exactamente porque tudo depende do “grau de consciência” (de que falarei a seguir) dos objectos ou sujeitos. </p>
<p><span style="font-size:9px;font-weight:700;">(A continuar) </span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Entendiendo la evolución. ¿Hacia una nueva síntesis?]]></title>
<link>http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/?p=81</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 11:24:39 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>J.M.Hernández</dc:creator>
<guid>http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/?p=81</guid>
<description><![CDATA[En un artículo anterior comentábamos que la Teoría Sintética de la Evolución supuso una importa]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En un artículo <a href="3801-3806.">anterior</a> comentábamos que la Teoría Sintética de la Evolución supuso una importantísima unificación de conceptos, aunando la teoría de evolución mediante selección natural de Darwin y Wallace con los recientes avances en el campo de la genética. Durante las siguientes décadas se sucedieron nuevos descubrimientos que condujeron a algunas nuevas teorías sobre variación y ritmo evolutivo, las cuales fueron en muchos casos incorporadas al corpus de la síntesis evolutiva -no sin cierto uso de «calzador» en varias ocasiones-, como ocurrió con la mayor parte de la teoría de equilibrio puntuado de Elredge y Gould o el origen simbiótico de la célula eucariota de Margullis.</p>
<p>Hoy día, cuando sabemos que el funcionamiento del material hereditario dista mucho de reducirse a los postulados de Mendel, cuando hemos descubierto formas en otro tiempo inimaginables de transmisión de genes entre distintas especies, cuando el registro fósil nos muestra unas discontinuidades que no se deben a lo incompleto del mismo, sino que parecen ser la norma general, cuando hemos comprobado que compartimos paquetes enteros de genes con especies tan distantes como los dípteros o los anélidos y cuando nuestra biblioteca genética se ha mostrado al menos un orden de magnitud más reducida de lo que pensábamos y sorprendentemente similar al resto de vertebrados e incluso invertebrados, quizá a la nueva síntesis le empieza a sobrar el apelativo de "nueva", mientras se impone una reestructuración del cuerpo general de la teoría.</p>
<p><!--more--></p>
<p><strong>Las aportaciones de la teoría sintética</strong></p>
<p>La Teoría Sintética se estableció sobre las bases de la selección natural de Darwin y Wallace, que se basaba en cuatro principios básicos:</p>
<p>1. Existe una variabilidad en la descendencia de los organismos que hace que cada generación no sea idéntica ni entre sí, ni con sus progenitores.</p>
<p>2. Al menos parte de esa variabilidad es heredable.</p>
<p>3. Se produce más descendencia que la que el medio puede soportar.</p>
<p>4. La variabilidad existente permite diferente capacidad en la utilización de recursos, lo que se traduce en una supervivencia y/o reproducción diferencial entre los individuos de cada generación.</p>
<p>El gran valor de la síntesis realizada durante las décadas 30 a 50 del siglo XX fue aportar una explicación a la gran laguna de la teoría: la base biológica de la herencia y variación. La introcucción de los conceptos de gen, mutación y la incorporación de los postulados de la genética de poblaciones permitió cerar el círculo y componer un modelo completo: la variabilidad se produce por mutaciones en el material hereditario, que es transmitido a la descendencia mediante los cromosomas de las células sexuales (gametos); así, un cambio de determinada característica en una población se deberá a que las frecuencias alélicas cambian lentamente, generación tras generación, por selección natural o por deriva genética.</p>
<p>De esta forma, la nueva síntesis aporta o al menos refina los principios del mecanismo evolutivo:</p>
<p>1. La variación se produce mediante mutaciones al azar y recombinación cromosómica que, en caso de afectar a los gametos, se hereda de generación en generación.</p>
<p>2. Mediante un proceso de selección natural -no azaroso- o deriva genética -al azar-, las frecuencias alélicas van alterándose en las poblaciones hasta fijarse, produciéndose así un cambio gradual que es la base de la evolución.</p>
<p><strong>Desajustes en el modelo</strong></p>
<p>Desde los propios inicios del darwinismo se marcaban ciertos desajustes en la teoría, algunos de ellos recogidos por el propio Darwin. Uno de los principales es la discontinuidad, tanto en el registro fósil como en las formas orgánicas actuales, que contradice directamente la idea de evolución gradual. Recientemente, y de forma fundamental mediante los avances de la genética y de la biología evolutiva del desarrollo (evo-devo), otros aspectos del marco teórico neodarwinista se han visto seriamente cuestionados por los nuevos fenómenos observados: la influencia del ambiente en ciertos cambios reversibles del material genético (epigenética), la existencia de motores de variación diferentes a las mutaciones -como la transferencia horizontal de genes-,  la movilidad y repetición de genes (homeoboxes) o la posibilidad de grandes cambios fenotípicos a partir de mutaciones simples en genes reguladores, por poner solo algunos ejemplos.</p>
<p>Si bien muchos de estos aspectos han sido asimilados de mejor o peor manera, un gran número de especialistas coinciden en que el proceso evolutivo debe ser mucho más complejo que lo que a primera vista propuso la teoría sintética.</p>
<p><strong>Las fuentes de la variación y su herencia<br />
</strong></p>
<p>La propuesta original de Darwin y Wallace acerca de la existencia de una variabilidad en la descendencia de los organismos sigue siendo, de momento, indiscutible. El proceso que origina esta variación es el que ha resultado ser considerablemente más complejo que la simple mutación aleatoria propugnada por la teoría sintética.</p>
<p>Resulta evidente que el mecanismo neodarwinista de mutación puntual y propagación en la población mediante el cambio gradual de frecuencias alélicas es un hecho constatado en numerosas ocasiones. Sin embargo, no basta para explicar otros fenómenos hoy día conocidos.</p>
<p>El origen de la célula eucariota es uno de ellos. Durante miles de millones de años, el planeta estuvo habitado exclusivamente por procariotas, y en un momento dado (algunos autores lo sitúan hace escasamente 900 millones de años) apareció repentinamente la célula eucariota, base de todos los metazoos posteriores. No parace haberse tratado de un proceso gradual por adquisición lenta de caracteres eucariotas, sino de una aparición discreta y puntual. Varias teorías han venido a explicar esa "variación fundamental" en la historia de la vida, aceptándose mayoritariamente la asociación de varios tipos bacterianos (Margulis, 1967; Margulis &#38; Sagan, 1985, 1995; Lario, 2005). Margulis y Sagan no dejan en este punto la teoría endosimbiótica, sino que entiende que los organismos pluricelulares somos en conjunto el resultado de asociaciones bacterianas de diversa índole.</p>
<p>Otro aspecto fundamental que cuestiona las mutaciones como principal fuente de variabilidad es el conjunto de fenómenos que se engloba bajo la denominación de «<a href="http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/2008/07/08/entendiendo-la-evolucion-transferencia-horizontal-de-genes/">transferencia horizontal de genes</a>». La incorporación de genoma bacteriano y vírico -de forma parcial o íntegra- a organismos procariotas y eucariotas podría explicar las grandes homologías encontradas en los genes homeóticos (homeoboxes) que controlan el desarrollo de organismos tan separados filogenéticamente como insectos, anfibios y mamíferos (Gilbert et al., 1996; Yekta et al., 2004; John, B. et al., 2004; Ronemus y Martienssen, 2005). El origen vírico de muchos de estos elementos aboga por una adquisición no mutacional, sino mediante la integración de sistemas complejos plenamente funcionales (Hoyle, 1982; MI <em>et al</em>.,  2000; Sandín, 1995, 1998, 2002). La similitud entre diferentes organismos con respecto a otras proteínas como las implicadas en los procesos de apoptosis, anti-estress, numerosas hormonas o las DNA polimerasas , sugieren también una adquisición horizontal, más que mediante mutaciones graduales (Langer et al., 1992, Welch, 1992, Cohen et al. 1992, Korsmeyer, 1995). Muchos de estos conjuntos de genes constituyen «elementos móviles» o transposones, que mediante repeticiones y cambios en su localización dentro del genoma, puede producir reestructuraciones cromosómicas y modificaciones en la expresión génica de valor crucial en el proceso evolutivo (Mc Donald &#38; Cuticciaba, 1993).</p>
<p>Una consecuencia de los aspectos mencionados es que, a pesar de que la herencia tradicional sigue siendo totalmente válida, aparece un nuevo mecanismo de transmisión de información genética desde un emisor a un receptor que no necesariamente es su descendiente. Una nuevo mecanismo de «herencia horizontal» vendría así a sumarse a la herencia vertical producida mediante la reproducción sexual o asexual</p>
<p>Con estos datos, algunos autores definen el concepto de integración de sistemas complejos (Sandin, 1997), en los que la combinación en los organismos de unidades genéticas funcionales que son transmitidas tanto horizontal como verticalemente, podría suponer una fuente de variación infinitamente superior a la producida por las mutaciones puntuales.</p>
<p><strong>Gradualismo</strong></p>
<p>Todos los datos mencionados en el capítulo anterior suponen una contradicción evidente con el concepto de evolución gradual mediante el lento proceso de sustitución alélica en las poblaciones. Lógicamente, la incorporación de unidades génicas funcionales, sea por simbiosis, conjugación, transposones, pásmidos o episomas supone un salto cuantitativo importante para el organismo, que no consiste ya en una ligera modificación sobre una característica existente, sino en la adquisición de un nuevo carácter completamente funcional.</p>
<p>Estos saltos cuantitativos, que para algunos autores pueden suponer el equivalente a macromutaciones que provocan grandes y rápidos cambios en el fenotipo se ven apoyadas por la constatación en el registro fósil de largos periodos de estasis evolutiva interrumpidos por cortos episodios de radiación explosiva, donde de forma repentina aparecen multitud de diseños nuevos y diversificados, de los cuales la explosión cámbrica es el fenómeno más conocido. Elredge  y Gould (1972, 1977) trataron de explicar este ritmo estasis-radiacion evolutiva, mediante la teoría del <a href="http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/2008/06/26/entendiendo-la-evolucion-el-equilibrio-puntuado/">equilibrio puntuado</a>, según la cual, el estado normal de una especie es la estabilidad evolutiva (estasis), interrumpida por períodos repentinos y rápidos de diversificación, originados por el aislamiento de poblaciones y el desequilibrio evolutivo de las poblaciones.</p>
<p>Una dificultad histórica para el concepto de macromutación (el famoso «monstruo afortunado») es la necesidad de que ésta se produzca de forma simultánea en muchos individuos de la población, dado que en el caso contrario el nuevo mutante tendría serias dificultades para reproducirse y transmitir la nueva conformación a las siguientes generaciones. Esto es estadísticamente inimaginable en el caso de mutación al azar, pero el papel de las «infecciones» víricas o bacterianas como fuentes de transmisión de material genético viene a salvar este problema, dado que representarían una forma de adquirir grupos funcionales de genes de forma generalizada en una población.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, los descubrimientos de los últimos años sobre regulación genética explican muchos fenómenos en los que una mutación puntual puede provocar cambios cualitativos muy patentes en el fenotipo; la alteración de un intrón que reordena o excluye exones de un gen o la activación/inactivación de un interruptor genético puede producir que el cambio de una sola base nitrogenada impida o posibilite la expresión de un gen o un grupo de genes completo, en todo el ortanismo o en determinados tejidos de forma selectiva (ver «<a href="http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/2008/07/12/entendiendo-la-evolucion-los-nuevos-genes/">Los nuevos genes</a>»).</p>
<p><strong>La selección natural</strong></p>
<p>Sin duda, el mecanismo que mejor resiste los nuevos descubrimientos y enfoques evolutivos es el proceso de selección natural. Independientemente de la fuente de variación y su herencia, así como del ritmo o grado de las modificaciones producidas, los nuevos modelos deben enfrentarse al ambiente, evaluador final de las fórmulas que podrán persistir en el tiempo, y competir por sus recursos. De esta forma, la supervivencia del más apto es unos de los aspectos menos controvertidos de las teorías evolutivas. Tanto Margulis como Gould no descartan la selección natural como mecanismo evolutivo, al menos actuando simultáneamente con otros procesos (Margulis, 1995; Gould, 1980, 1994).</p>
<p>Pero este consenso general no exime de la existencia de discrepancias por parte de numerosos autores. Desde el <a href="http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/2008/07/18/entendiendo-la-evolucion-kimura-y-el-neutralismo/">neutralismo de Kimura</a> y colaboradores -aunque reducido a evolución molecular-, hasta el papel de las catástrofes en la selección de supervivientes, existen algunas alternativas a la selección natural como método de filtro de los modelos orgánicos.</p>
<p>Varios autores han señalado que las grandes extinciones, especialmente las provocadas por catástrofes naturales, representan un proceso selectivo primordial en la historia de la vida, siendo realmente el fenómeno que ha marcado la composición de la biodiversidad actual del planeta. Según esta visión, los supervivientes no serían los mejor adaptados, sino los más afortunados (Hoyle, 1982, Rampino &#38; Stothers, 1984; Hsü, 1986). Otros investigadores del área de la biología del desarrollo señalan que la selección natural tendría un papel poco importante en la evolución, siendo solamente el filtro para las morfologías inadecuadas generadas por el desarrollo (Gilbert, 1996).</p>
<p>Y quizá una de las posturas más radicalmente enfrentadas a la selección natural como filtro de variación sean las de algunos partidarios de la integración de sistemas complejos, según los cuales la evolución consistiría en un proceso de integración de sistemas complejos que se autoorganizarían en otros sistemas de nivel mayor (Sandin, 1997), con lo que la selección natural no tendría poder creativo alguno, no siendo la competencia a fuerza impulsora de la evolución, dado que las especies surgirían y madurarían en conjunto obedeciendo a unos «componentes de la vida» que pueden ser producto de propiedades emergentes de la materia o de una existencia y propagación a través de todo el unvierso (Sandin, 1997, 2002).</p>
<p>Sin embargo, a pesar de que todas estas evidencias apuntan a la existencia de otros procesos selectivos no adaptativos, ninguna de estas explicaciones logra desterrar la selección natural de forma definitiva. En el caso de la teoría neutralista, la deriva genética únicamente explica un polimorfismo proteico dentro de la misma funcionalidad, y los propios precursores de la teoría asumen la selección natural como motor de la evolución a nivel orgánico y como filtro negativo a nivel molecular (Kimura, 1964, 1983).</p>
<p>En el caso del catastrofismo, ciertamente queda patente que las grandes extinciones han marcado la dirección de la evolución de forma no adaptativa (a no ser que asumamos la adaptación a sobrevivir a un meteorito, por ejemplo), sin embargo, no pueden obviar el papel de la selección natural durante los periodos intercatastróficos, donde ha seguido produciéndose especiación. Por último, la descalificación de la teoría de integración de sistemas complejos se queda en una simple negación sin apoyos reales, al venir a decir que no existe selección alguna, sino que las especies aparecen y desaparecen de forma fortuita.</p>
<p><strong>¿Hacia una nueva síntesis?</strong></p>
<p>Las discusiones señaladas en este artículo se extienden hasta alcanzar el propio paradigma evolutivo. Mientras algunos autores, fundamentalmente cercanos a la teoría sintética, creen que muchos de estos nuevos procesos representan simplemente modificaciones y perfeccionamientos de la teoría general, otros luchan enconadamente por demostrar que estos nuevos datos exigen la sustitución completa del marco teórico vigente. Por supuesto, tampoco faltan, en el lado opuesto, los que restan importancia a todos estos procesos, abogando por un neodarwinismo prácticamente sin adulterar.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, y en esto incluyo una opinión personal, gran parte de la controversia señalada se debe a un defecto común a la mayor parte de teorías evolutivas: el empecinado interés en tratar de explicar la totalidad del hecho evolutivo mediante un único proceso. En esto pecan tanto los defensores de los nuevos paradigmas como buena parte de neodarwinistas, pareciendo que cualquier incorporación de un modelo de motor evolutivo diferente al que postula la propia teoría deviene en la invalidación de ésta.</p>
<p>Creo que el error está en pretender defender una única posibilidad, tanto de variación como de ritmo evolutivo y mecanismo selectivo. Cerrarnos ante la posibilidad de otras fuentes de diversidad o ante otros fenómenos evolutivos no graduales no es una posición racional, sino más cercana a la ideología que a la ciencia.</p>
<p>La evolución requiere, según el propio Darwin, tres mecanismos: uno que produzca variedad,  otro que permita heredar esta variedad y un tercer proceso de selección que filtre entre toda la variabilidad aquella que resulta mejor adaptada al medio en que vive el organismo. Cada vez es más patente que las mutaciones acumuladas no son el único proceso que produce variación, existiendo casos documentados como los citados más arriba. De la misma forma, la herencia cromosómica vertical no parece ser el único mecanismo de transmisión de genes e, incluso, la selección natural puede verse superada en ocasiones por otros fenómenos o mecanismos selectivos.</p>
<p>Quizá haya llegado el momento en el que se esté planteando una nueva forma de ver la evolución, pero no creo que ésta consista en olvidar las antiguas teorías, demostradas en numerosas ocasiones, y elegir un nuevo paradigma sobre el que reestructurar toda la biología. Más bien, y esto requiere un gran ejercicio de mentalidad abierta y receptiva, reunir todos los procesos y mecanismos en un marco mucho más amplio que el que hoy día ofrecen las diversas alternativas por separado.</p>
<p><strong>Referencias</strong></p>
<p>Carroll, S.B. 2005 Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom, W. W. Norton &#38; Company.</p>
<p>Cohen, J.J.; Duke, R.C.; Fadok, U.A. &#38; Seelins, K.S. 1992. Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death in Inmunity. Annual Review of Inmunology, 10: 267-293.</p>
<p>Dawkins, R. 1975. The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.</p>
<p>Dawkins, R. 1986. The Blind Watchmaker, W.W. Norton and Company, Reissue Edition</p>
<p>Eldredge, N. y Gould, S,J. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Schopf, Th.J.M. (Ed.) Models in paleobiology. Freeman Cooper and Co.: 82-115.</p>
<p>Eldredge, N. y Gould, S.J. 1977. Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered. <em>Paleobiology</em>, <strong>3(2)</strong>: 115-151.</p>
<p>García Azkonobieta, T. 2005. Evolución, desarrollo y (auto)organización. Un estudio sobre los principios filosóficos de la evo-devo. Tesis doctoral. Universidad del País Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián.</p>
<p>Gilbert, S.F.; Opitz, J.M. &#38; Raffs R.A. 1996. Resynthesizing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology. Developmental Biology, 173: 357-372.</p>
<p>Gould, Stephen  Jay. 1980. The Panda’s Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History W. W. Norton &#38; Company, New York.</p>
<p>Gould, S.J. 1994. La evolución de la vida en la Tierra. Investigación y Ciencia, 219: 55.</p>
<p>Gould, S.J. 2002, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 1433 págs.</p>
<p>Hoyle, A. 1982. Evolution from space. University College Cardiff Press.</p>
<p>Hsü, K. 1986. The Great Dying. 2ª Edición castellana: 1993. La gran extinción. A.Bosh ed. Barcelona. .</p>
<p>Jain, R., Rivera, M.C. &#38; Lake, J.A. 1999. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 96(7):3801-3806.</p>
<p>Kimura, M. &#38; Crow J.F. 1964. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population.<br />
<em>Genetics </em>49: 725-738.</p>
<p>Kimura, M. 1983. <em>The neutral theory of molecular evolution</em>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</p>
<p>Korsmeyer, S.J. 1995. Regulators of Cell Death. Trends in Genetics, 11 (3): 101-105.</p>
<p>Langer, T.; Lu, C.; Echols, H.; Flanagan, J.; Hayer, M.K. &#38; Ulrich, F. 1992. Sucessive Action of DNAK, DNAJ and GroEl Along the Pathway of Chaperone-Mediated Protein Folding. Nature, 356 (6371): 683-689.</p>
<p>Lario, L.S. 2005. El origen de la célula eucariota. Revista de Biología.org. 20.</p>
<p>Margulis, Lynn 1967. “On the origin of mitosing cells”.J Theor Bio. 14 (3): 255–274</p>
<p>Margulis, L. &#38; Sagan, D. 1985. El origen de la célula eucariota. Mundo Científico, 5 .</p>
<p>Margulis, L. &#38; Sagan, D. 1995. What is life?. Simon &#38; Schuster. New York. London.</p>
<p>Mayr, E. y W. B. Provine, eds. 1980. The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, Harvard University Press.</p>
<p>McDonald, J. &#38; Cuticchiaba, J. 1993. In "<em>Transposable Elements and Evolution</em>". McDonald, J. (ed). Kluwer.</p>
<p>Rampino, M.R. &#38; Stothers, R.B. 1984. Terrestrial mass extinctions, cometary impacts and the sun's motion perpendicular tho the galactic plan. Nature, 308: 709.</p>
<p>Sandin, M. 1995. Lamarck y los mensajeros. La función de los virus en la evolución. Ed. Istmo, Madrid.</p>
<p>Sandin, M. 1997. Teoría sintética. Crisis y evolución. ARBOR. 623-624.</p>
<p>Sandín, M. 1998. La función de los virus en la evolución. <em>Bol. R. Soc. Hist. Nat. (Actas)</em>. 95: 17-22.</p>
<p>Sandín, M. 2002. Hacia una nueva Biología. Arbor, CLXXII, 677: 167-218.</p>
<p>Wallace, A. 2004. Biased Embryos and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 248 p.</p>
<p>Welch, W.J. 1992. Mammalian Stress Reponse: Cell Physiology, Structure/Function of Stress Proteins, and Implications for Medicine and Disease. Physiologycal Reviews, 72: 1063-1081.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Hardware der Noosphäre]]></title>
<link>http://tugor.wordpress.com/?p=53</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 08:44:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>tugor</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tugor.wordpress.com/?p=53</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
TU und GOR diskutieren heute das Internet als Vorbote des Omega-Punkts in Teilhard de Chardins spit]]></description>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TU und GOR diskutieren heute das Internet als Vorbote des Omega-Punkts in Teilhard de Chardins spitirueller Evolutionstheorie. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">LINK: <a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/teilhard.html" target="_blank">A Globe, Clothing Itself with a Brain (</a></span><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/teilhard.html" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg, in </span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/teilhard.html" target="_blank">Wired, Juni 1995)</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>GOR:<strong> </strong></span>Das Internet ist demnach quasi die Hardware der Noospähre.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">TU: Vielleicht führt es weiter, das Netz als etwas anderes zu betrachten: als einen Ort, an dem wir alle, die wir in unseren Netzwerken drinstecken, lebendig begraben sind - aus diesem virtuellen Grab kommt letztlich keiner wieder raus; so daß man, unser Gespräch über Zizek/Pauslus fortführend, sagen könnte, daß das WWW eine Art heidnischer Mythos ist, der implizit, gegen das Christentum gerichtet, sagt, daß es keine Auferstehung gibt, und zwar deshalb, weil im digitalen Grab keiner verwest/stirbt - das Netz also als kostengünstiges Kollektivgrab.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">GOR: Von de Chardin aus gesehen wäre das Internet ja eher so eine Art Vorbote der Auferstehung Jesu Christi. Ich denke als Paläontologe hat er sich mit Fragen Darwins und der Evolution beschäftigt und hat daher als Jesuitenpfarrer eine Gegenthese zu Darwin präsentieren wollen - also eine antidarwinistische Evolutionstheorie mit globalen Bewusstsein als Endpunkt der Evolution. Mit anderen Worten: das www ist eigentlich dermaßen komplex (also vernetzt), dass es eher de Chardins Evolutionskonzept entspricht, als Darwins. Erhöhte Komplexität = erhöhtes Bewusstsein.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">LINK: <a href="http://pagesperso-orange.fr/jacques.abbatucci/PHfigAnglais.gif" target="_blank">Teilhard de Chardins Evolutionstheorie als graphische Darstellung</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">TU: Ja, da hast Du recht - mit Darwin ist das Netz nicht zu erklären, auch weil Darwin vom Nacheinander, nicht vom Nebeneinander her denkt. Aus einer religiösen Sicht ist dies natürlich eine Entwicklung auf etwas hin, das, seit Schöpfungsbeginn, immer schon da war, so wie Jesus in der Apokalypse sagt: "Ich bin das Alpha und das Omega" - alles also, was über das Alphabet hinausgeht, gehört nicht mehr zu diesem "Ich".</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">GOR: Ja stimmt, dieser Jesus Spruch ist wahrscheinlich der Kontext dieser Evolutionstheorie. Hat er noch eine tiefere Bedeutung? Ich meine im Bezug auf de Chardin? Irgendwie scheint mir die Noosphäre nichts mit Logos zu tun zu haben, worauf ja Alpha und Omega anspielen ....</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">TU: Ich denke schon, daß die Noosphäre eine Fortführung, eine Art Virtualisierung des christlichen Logos ist (nach dem Johannesevangelium ist ja Logos=Christus).</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> For Teilhard, Omega Point is the Logos, or Jesus Christ: who is "God from God", "Light from Light", "True God from true God" and it is "through him all things were made." </span>(Wikipedia)</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">GOR: </span>Ich denke, dass Chardin eine Art Synthese von körperlicher (materieller) und geistiger (spiritueller) Evolution im Sinn hatte. Für unsere Diskussion würde das bedeuten, dass der Omega-Punkt quasi im Logos aufgeht, der Logos aber nicht im Sinne vollkommener perfekter Rationalität, sondern im Sinne von Jesus, als spirituellen Logos, oder? Aber was ist das? Den Begriff Logos assoziiere ich nun wirklich nicht mit Jesus (als Nicht-Theologe, der ich nunmal bin...)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Darwin en duda]]></title>
<link>http://oldearth.wordpress.com/?p=436</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 08:17:46 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Manuel</dc:creator>
<guid>http://oldearth.wordpress.com/?p=436</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
 Darwin en un momento clave
- Por otra parte tendría muchos menos problemas sin continuara con el ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://oldearth.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/comic-duda-darwin.jpg"><img src="http://oldearth.wordpress.com/files/2008/07/comic-duda-darwin.jpg" alt="" width="314" height="400" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-437" /></a></p>
<p><b> Darwin en un momento clave</b><br />
- Por otra parte tendría muchos menos problemas sin continuara con el creacionismo</p>
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<title><![CDATA[R76 Komen pendek di SI.]]></title>
<link>http://sharudin.wordpress.com/?p=318</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 04:43:48 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Pak Din</dc:creator>
<guid>http://sharudin.wordpress.com/?p=318</guid>
<description><![CDATA[1. 12 Pak Din
on 22 Jul 2008 at 10:54 am 
Dari Artikel, “Bencana ini berterusan pula apabila timbu]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>1. 12 Pak Din<br />
<a href="http://saifulislam.com/?p=2216#comment-27916">on 22 Jul 2008 at 10:54 am </a></p>
<p>Dari Artikel, “Bencana ini berterusan pula apabila timbul budaya menafsirkan istilah seseorang tanpa merujuk kepada pemahamannya tentang istilah itu. Penggunaan istilah oleh Ibnu Taimiyyah banyak ditafsirkan sebagai dalil yang membuktikan beliau itu seorang ahli tajsim, menetapkan arah dan tempat bagi Allah dan sebagainya. Sedangkan penggunaan istilah sedia dimaklumi oleh kita semua bagaimana ia mempunyai dilalat (pemaknaan) dan pemahaman yang kadangkala berkembang, berbeza dari seorang kepada seorang yang lain, dari satu zaman ke satu zaman yang lain.Hal yang sama berlaku kepada mereka yang menghukum sesat Syed Quthb semata-mata kerana tidak memahami istilah dan maksud yang Syed Quthb gunakan di dalam penulisan beliau. Sungguh malang keadaan seperti ini…”</p>
<p>Lega membaca </p>
<p>2. 12Pak Din<br />
<a href="http://saifulislam.com/?p=2315#comment-27918">on 22 Jul 2008 at 11:14 am </a><br />
“Apabila saya membaca tentang Islam, sekarang ini saya sudah yakin yang Kristian bukan agama yang benar. Cuma, adakah Islam ini agama yang sebenar-benarnya, saya masih mengkaji. Kita hari ini banyak diselubungi oleh pseudoreligion. Susah nak bezakan antara ajaran agama yang asal dengan intepretasi pengikutnya yang pelbagai. Saya tidak pasti adakah saya sedang memahami Islam sebenar atau pseudo-Islam?”, Brian menyambung kalamnya.</p>
<p>Sebagai dulunya bukan Islam, Brian berfikir dan bertanya, tetapi bila lahir dengan nama Muslim, kebanyakannya ikut sahaja ke mana arus persekitaran bawa.</p>
<p>[Reply]</p>
<p>Abu Saif reply on July 22nd, 2008 11:17 am:</p>
<p>Komen Pak Din amat saya perlukan, untuk turut sama point out isi-isi penting artikel. Jazakallahu khairan</p>
<p>3. 9 Pak Din<br />
<a href="http://saifulislam.com/?p=2325#comment-27922">on 22 Jul 2008 at 11:46 am </a><br />
“Ada satu lagi kelompok ibu bapa yang ‘ikhlas’ menghantar anak-anak mereka ke sekolah agama. Biar pun agak ganjil melihat mereka datang ke perkarangan masjid dengan baju yang seksi, berseluar pendek dan bapa memakai gelang emas… saya akur bahawa ada secebis keinginan di hati mereka untuk anak-anak menerima didikan agama.</p>
<p>Saya menerimanya dengan hati terbuka.”</p>
<p>Hati terbuka yang terluka Ustaz, tidak memberikan kesan kepada mereka, tetapikan bila terluka Pengubal Qodo’ Qadar, Dia tak kira. Suruh penulis amalan catit di blognya dan Qadar ketentuanNya mengatakan ‘ikhlas’ itu tak bermakna. Memang saya delima tentang mengambil hati atau mengambil tahu? Ibarat ketam mengajar anaknya berjalan ‘on the right side of the road’.</p>
<p>[Reply]</p>
<p>Abu Saif reply on July 22nd, 2008 11:58 am:</p>
<p>Kerana itu kalimah IKHLAS saya kurung di antara ‘ dan ‘.</p>
<p>Kalau disanggah mak bapak begini, nanti ditariknya ana keluar meninggalkan sekolah. Kesian anak-anak.</p>
<p>4. 58 Pak Din<br />
<a href="http://saifulislam.com/?p=411#comment-27928">on 22 Jul 2008 at 12:21 pm </a><br />
“mahu menjadi ayah yang berkuasa, atau ayah yang berpengaruh.”</p>
<p>Berkuasa menghasilkan Muslim di Kaherah, sementara berpengaruh menghasilkan Islam di Paris.</p>
<p>Berkuasa menghasilkan pemakaian tudung di Tanahair (Riyad) tetapi tidak bila di London. Sebaliknya bila terpengaruh dengan ajarah yang sebenar. ke angkasa lepaspun masih menutup aurat.</p>
<p>Berkuasa menghasilkan bilangan sementara berpengaruh menghasilkan mutu.</p>
<p>Yang berpengaruh dan berkuasa ibarat khalifah yang Allah kehendaki, memakmurkan Bumi untuk mendapat keredoaan di Akhirat, tetapi yang berkuasa dan berpengaruh, menghasilkan kahlifah yang manusia kehendaki.</p>
<p>Akhirnya yang berkuasa memperkenalkan Allah yang Berkuasa sementara yang berpengaruh memperkenalkan Allah yang Maha Sempurna.</p>
<p>5. 12Pak Din<br />
<a href="http://saifulislam.com/?p=2336#comment-27917">on 22 Jul 2008 at 11:35 am </a><br />
Posted: July 10, 2008 - 10:41 AM<br />
——————————————————————————–<br />
Kalau kita terus beranggapan bahawa parti yang memerintah negara, maka kita akan terus berbalah berpanjangan dan tidak dapat memimpin dengan baik. Politik adalah kepimpinan. Ibarat memimpin sebuah keluarga, kedua-dua suami dan isteri memimpin keluarga dengan garis panduan Agam yang telah ditentukan. Begitu juga penyokong dan pembangkang di dalam sesebuah kerajaan seperti di Malaysia. Suami dan isteri yang memimpin perlu duduk berbincangan (di parliment) dan kesepakatan bersama itu yang memerintah. Jangan kita ajar anak kita memahak kepada ibu atau bapa sahaja. Kedua-dua berfungsi bersama sekiranya bersepakat. </p>
<p>Dari <a href="http://www.al-ahkam.net/home/index.php?name=MDForum&#38;file=viewtopic&#38;t=36389&#38;sid=8947d621d0a210ac266ff06f58f0e945">AAN</a></p>
<p>Semalam TGNA kata “Apa ada pada PAS, yang nak ditegakkan ialah Islam dan UMNO hanya menghancurkan Islam”. Kurang tepatlah ibu mengatakan Islam bapa tidak berguna. Sebagai anak kenapa perlu ambil side .. ibu ke bapa?.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Mot Bali]]></title>
<link>http://adriatica.wordpress.com/?p=337</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2008 22:11:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Adriatica</dc:creator>
<guid>http://adriatica.wordpress.com/?p=337</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Vi ligger fortsatt lengst ute på ankerplassen i Darwin og ruller. Men rett skal være rett, det rul]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vi ligger fortsatt lengst ute på ankerplassen i Darwin og ruller. Men rett skal være rett, det ruller ikke mye. Jolleturen inn til stranda er lang og bløt og vi er glade for at det ikke er vi som betaler bensinen. Vi har ikke hatt så voldsomt mye for oss her i Darwin, endel rydding og vasking av båt, noen skriveprosjekter på si', mathandel, noen småjobber som måtte unnagjøres. Vi regner med å begi oss utpå igjen på tirsdag. Vi har møtt en del av den norske flåten her, se lenker til høyre. Og noen dager etter oss ankom Nick og Charlotta på britiske Kika, som vi kjenner fra New Zealand og sist Tanna. Under en hysterisk festlig middag på Kika ble vi dessuten kjent med Danika og Sten på Mata'irea. Se Nick sin blogg (Kika) for flere detaljer.</p>
<p>Både Mata'irea og Kika fikk oss til å innse at vi var heldige som sjekket inn i Cairns, hvor karantineoffiserene tydeligvis var langt mer avslappet enn andre steder. Her i Darwin blir man ribbet for det aller meste av matvarer om man ikke allerede har sjekket inn et annet sted.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NO-BOK">Vi begynner så vidt å klø i fingra etter å heise seil mot neste stopp, som er Bali i Indonesia. Det kryr av båter på ankerplassen, og det blir flere for hver dag. Her samles nemlig seilere fra verden over for å delta i det årlige rallyet Sail Indonesia, og i skrivende stund er det kun en liten uke igjen til startskuddet går. De aller færreste båtene stiller med ambisjoner om noen kappseilas. Jeg tør påstå at 90 prosent av de påmeldte er mest interessert i alle de sosiale arrangementene rundt rallyet, og tryggheten i å seile flere sammen. Og ikke minst fordi rallyarrangøren tar seg av prosessen med å innhente seglingstillatelse for Indonesia, for det innebærer en masse pirk og papirarbeid.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NO-BOK">Vi deltar ikke i rallyet, så vi måtte ordne med vår egen tillatelse. Vi gjorde det før vi dro fra New Zealand; det krever en del tid å sette den sammen, og deretter må man regne med minst sju ukers behandlingstid. Indonesiske myndigheter er strenge -for å få lov til å segle i Indonesia må man sende inn søknad inneholdende skipspapirer, registreringsbevis, forsikringsbevis, liste over alle øyer man akter å besøke, mannskapsliste, passkopier for alle om bord, foto av eier og/eller kaptein og så videre. Vi fikk scannet alle pass, bilder og båtpapirer, og vi tok utskrift av søknaden, fylte den ut og scannet den. Søknaden må sendes gjennom en agent, og både agent og søknad koster penger. Vi brukte Bali Marina som agent, og det første vi gjorde var å overføre betalingen. Deretter var de veldig imøtekommende overfor alle våre spørsmål og svarte kjapt på alle eposter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NO-BOK">I forgårs var vi på ”vikingbegravelse” på Dinah Beach på den andre siden av byen. Det var i virkeligheten det nærmeste vi har kommet en skikkelig bygdafest siden Cook Islands, og temaet var altså vikinger. Dette innebar at de fleste gikk omkring med kuhorn-hjelmer (en seiglivet, men usann myte såvidt meg bekjent) og digre plastøkser (historisk korrekt våpen, feil materiale) og drakk seg fulle (forsåvidt riktig). Utover de obligatoriske hjelmene og øksene var det åpenbart at den øvrige dresskoden var åpen for individuelle tolkninger; rundt oss på alle kanter så vi huleboervikinger, middelaldervikinger, gladiatorvikinger, Pochahontasvikinger og kosakkvikinger, pluss noen som så ut som om de kom rett fra settet til nyinnspillingen av Sound of Music. Kveldens høydepunkt -utover kåringen av Beste Viking, hvor prisen gikk til en spesielt autentisk utkledd deltaker som stolt bar en enorm rød fjær i hjelmen- var brenningen av vikingeskipet. Nede i vannkanten hadde man fortøyd en mildt sagt tvilsom ”rekonstruksjon” av et vikingeskip, og selve begravelsesritualet gikk ut på at frivillige fra den lokale bueskytterklubben pepret skroget med brannpiler. I begynnelsen bommet de en del, og reaksjonene fra ivrige tilskuere uteble ikke: ”Iddiot”, ”gi meg den buen, jeg skal vise deg åssen det skal gjørras” og ”brenn nå båtjævelen da, før vikingene kommer seg ut!” Men omsider gikk hele stasen opp i flammer, og glade festdeltagere jublet.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NO-BOK">Sjelden har vi angret så mye på at vi ikke tok med oss fotoapparatet.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="NO-BOK">Sett at de gamle vikingeskipene virkelig hadde sett slik ut? Vår vikingehistorie ville vært en ganske annen, og vårt rykte i utlandet som etterkommere av hardbalne blodtørstige villmenn nærmest ikke-eksisterende. Hvis denne stusselige rekved-konstruksjonen på mirakuløst vis hadde klart å krysse Nordsjøen så ville nok munkene på Lindisfarne bare fnist.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nåja. Vi regner med å dra i dag. På Bali kommer vi til å ligge litt foran de verste hordene av seilbåter, ihvertfall i begynnelsen. Det skal bli godt. Vi hadde booket tid på dieselbryggen i går, og måtte vente i halvannen time for anker utenfor brygga för vi slapp til. I morges var vi inne på Yachtklubben klokka seks for å vaske klär, og selv om jeg var först ute denne gangen så var det kö bak meg allerede etter ti minutter. Fra andre båter har vi hört rapporter om amper stemning i vaskrommet. Voksne mennesker...! Jeg antar det kommer til å bli enda verre enn dette til jul, i Thailand.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Det blir bursdag på sjöen i år igjen, og vi har handlet inn jordbär for anledningen. Vi höres fra Bali!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ta-tah</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Elephantine sores]]></title>
<link>http://karimahlze.wordpress.com/2008/07/21/elephantine-sores/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2008 17:21:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>karimahlze</dc:creator>
<guid>http://karimahlze.wordpress.com/2008/07/21/elephantine-sores/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Pro years Divine breath come in for been getting frigidity sores and common man really-truly worked ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Pro years Divine breath come in for been getting frigidity sores and common man really-truly worked as long as themselves came against relaxing the symptoms and the purple heart with regard to the corrective development, not reposeful the superb"Zovirax". </p>
<p>Recommended consistent with a pharmacist, Atom started reception lysine tablets out of season this moment and immediately and quickly in that case, the genuine article not an iota ceases towards beat myself how resolute  results are achieved. Lysine relieves the authoritarianism regarding symptoms(the rush, coveting, starlike and sore) and reduces the remedy time and again on the lesions. In a hurry a Hong Kong flu venomous foundation libido at best terminal anywhere between 3 days due a septennate at the approximately, and in no wise flaunt into a gargantuan incineration gout auric a considerable ornery dropsy that tears be a hit severally pregnant moment yourself willing your give away overweeningly distantly and broadly.</p>
<p>A memorial contains 500mg Lysine Hydrochloride and the recommended dosage from executive hierarchy as for an emeute is yoke tables twice a span. Correspondingly a prognosticative Themselves needs must free city that the very thing may exist insecure if taken sympathy unstinted amounts billet inasmuch as a lengthiness.</p>
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