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	<title>anti-communism &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/anti-communism/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "anti-communism"</description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 06 Jul 2008 15:58:42 +0000</pubDate>

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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Helms: Compromise, hell!]]></title>
<link>http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com/?p=757</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 Jul 2008 19:32:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Steve Farrell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com/?p=757</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Stiff Right Jab Quote of the Day, Jesse Helms on Compromise
&#8220;Compromise, hell! That&#8217;s wh]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignright" src="http://phdribble.typepad.com/weblog/images/2008/05/03/jessehelms.gif" alt="young Jesse Helms" width="220" height="185" /><strong>Stiff Right Jab Quote of the Day, Jesse Helms on Compromise</strong></p>
<p>"Compromise, hell! That's what has happened to us all down the line--and that's the very cause of our woes. If freedom is right and tyranny is wrong, why should those who believe in freedom treat it as if it were a roll of bologna to be bartered a slice at a time?"</p>
<p><em>Jesse Helms, 1959 editoria</em>l</p>
]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[23 август?... За европейската съвест и комунизма]]></title>
<link>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=1119</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2008 15:21:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Любомир Георгиев</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=1119</guid>
<description><![CDATA[

Пражка декларация за европейската съвест и комунизма]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--more--><br />
<h3>
<p align="center"><a href="http://dsb.bg/display.php?sub=news_1&#38;open_news=3429">Пражка декларация</a> за европейската съвест и комунизма<br />
3 юни 2008 г., Прага, Сенат на Чешката република</p>
</h3>
<blockquote><p>Загрижени за достойното и демократичното бъдеще на нашия европейски дом, като имаме предвид,<br />
-                     Че общества, които забравят миналото, нямат бъдеще,<br />
-                     Че Европа ще се обедини едва когато обедини отново своята история, когато признае като общи последствията от комунизма и нацизма и предизвика откровен и задълбочен дебат за престъпленията на всички тоталитарни режими през миналия век,<br />
-                     Че комунистическата идеология носи пряка отговорност за престъпления срещу човечеството,<br />
-                     Че гузната съвест, произтичаща от комунистическото минало, е тежко бреме за бъдещето на Европа и за нашите деца,<br />
-                     Че различните оценки на комунистическото минало все още позволяват Европа да се дели на “Западна” и “Източна”,<br />
-                     Че европейската интеграция беше недвусмислен отговор на войните и насилието, предизвикани от тоталитарните системи на континента,<br />
-                     Че осмислянето на престъпленията срещу човечеството, извършени от комунистическите режими на континента, трябва да породи същите чувства у всички европейци, каквито пораждат престъпленията на нацистките режими,<br />
-                     Че има важни сходства между нацизма и комунизма с оглед на отблъскващата и ужасяващата им същност и техните престъпления срещу човечеството,<br />
-                     Че престъпленията на комунизма все още не са получили достатъчно ясна оценка и присъда от юридическа, морална, политическа, а и историческа гледна точка,<br />
-                     Че престъпленията са оправдавани в името на теорията за класовата борба и принципите на диктатурата на “пролетариата”, използвайки терора като метод за запазване на диктатурата,<br />
-                     Че комунистическата идеология е използвана като инструмент в ръцете на основатели на империи в Европа и Азия за постигане на техните експанзионистични цели,<br />
-                     Че все още много от извършителите на престъпления в името на комунизма не са изправени пред съд и техните жертви не са обезщетени,<br />
-                     Че предоставянето на пълната и обективна информация за тоталитарното комунистическо минало носи дълбоко разбиране и разговор и е необходимо условие за истинската интеграция на всички европейски нации в бъдеще,<br />
-                     Че окончателното помиряване на всички европейци не е възможно без концентриран и задълбочен опит да се установи истината и да се възвърне паметта,<br />
-                     Че комунистическото минало на Европа трябва да бъде тема, старателно дискутирана както от академичната общност, така и от широката общественост, а бъдещите поколения трябва да разполагат с лесен достъп до информация за комунизма,<br />
-                     Че само няколко тоталитарни комунистически режима оцеляват все още в различни части на света, но те контролират около една пета от световното население и чрез запазването на властта си извършват престъпления и вредят на благосъстоянието на своите граждани,<br />
-                     Че макар и комунистическите партии да не са в управлението на много държави, те не са се разграничили публично от престъпленията на комунистическите режими, нито са ги осъдили,<br />
-                     Че Прага е един от градовете, преживял управлението както на нацистите, така и на комунистите,<br />
-                     И че милионите жертви на комунизма и техните семейства - убедени сме - имат правото да получат справедливост, съчувствие, разбиране и признание за своите страдания по същия начин, както жертвите на нацизма бяха морално и политически признати,</p>
<p><strong>Ние, участниците в Пражката конференция “Европейската съвест и комунизмът”,</strong> обръщайки внимание на </p>
<p>-                     Резолюцията на Европейския парламент по повод 60-ата годишнина от приключването на Втората световна война на 8 май 1945 г., от 12 май 2005 г.<br />
-                     Резолюция 1481 на Парламентарната асамблея на Съвета на Европа от 26 януари 2006 г.<br />
-                     Резолюцията на XVI-ия Конгрес на Европейската народна партия от 5 февруари 2004 г., в която се изисква създаване на независим експертен орган за събиране и оценяване на информация, свързана с нарушаването на човешките права по време на тоталитарния комунизъм, и се настоява за учредяване на музей в памет на жертвите на комунизма,<br />
-                     Резолюциите, осъждащи престъпленията на комунизма, приети от някои национални парламенти,<br />
-                     Опита на Комисията за установяване на истината и помирение в ЮАР,<br />
-                     Опита на институтите за национална памет и мемориалите в Полша, Германия, Словакия, Чешката република, САЩ и музеите на окупацията в Литва, Латвия и Естония,<br />
-                     Настоящото и следващото председателство в ЕС и на Съвета на Европа<br />
-                     Факта, че през 2009 г. ще се честват 20 години от рухването на комунизма в Източна и Централна Европа, както и от кървавите събития на площад “Тиенанмън” в Пекин,</p>
<p><strong>Призоваваме към</strong></p>
<p>1.      Постигане на общоевропейско разбиране, че както нацистките, така и комунистическите тоталитарни режими – всеки от тях оценяван и съден по собствените му ужасни “заслуги”, са разрушителни в своята политика на системно прилагане на крайни форми на терор, потъпкват всички граждански и човешки свободи, започвайки агресивни войни, и като неразделна част от идеологиите им – изтребват и депортират цели нации и общностни групи; и като такива те трябва да бъдат смятани за най-голямото зло, поразило ХХ в.,<br />
2.      Признание, че много престъпления, извършени в името на комунизма, трябва да бъдат определени като престъпления срещу човечеството, служейки за предупреждение за бъдещите поколения, по същия начин, по който нацистките престъпления са оценени от Нюрнбергския трибунал,<br />
3.      Формулиране на общ подход към престъпленията на тоталитарните режими, сред които и на комунистическите режими, и създаване на ясна представа навред в Европа за комунистическите престъпления, за да се изгради недвусмислено общо отношение към престъпленията на комунистическите режими,<br />
4.      приемане на закони, които ще позволят на съдилищата да съдят и осъждат извършителите на комунистически престъпления и да обезщетяват жертвите на комунизма,<br />
5.      гарантиране на принципа на равнопоставено третиране и недискриминиране на жертвите на всички тоталитарни режими,<br />
6.      натиск от страна на европейската и международната общност за ефективно осъждане на комунистическите престъпления в миналото и за безкомпромисна борба срещу продължаващите комунистически престъпления,<br />
7.      признаване на комунизма за съществена и ужасяваща част от общата история на Европа,<br />
8.      поемане на паневропейска отговорност за престъпленията, извършени от комунизма,<br />
9.      <strong>обявяване на 23 август</strong> – деня на подписването на съглашението между Хитлер и Сталин, познато като Пакта Молотов-Рибентроп, <strong>за ден за възпоменание на жертвите на нацистките и комунистическите тоталитарни режими</strong>, така както Европа отбелязва 27 януари като ден в памет на жертвите на холокоста,<br />
10.  отговорно отношение на националните парламенти към признаването на комунистическите престъпления за престъпления срещу човечеството, пораждащо съответно законодателство и парламентарен контрол върху изпълнението на тези закони,<br />
11.  действен публичен дебат за комерсиалната и политическата злоупотреба с комунистическите символи,<br />
12.  продължаване на изслушванията на Европейската комисия, свързани с жертвите на тоталитарни режими с оглед на съставянето на комюнике на комисията,<br />
13.  учредяване в европейските държави, в които на власт са били тоталитарни комунистически режими, на комисии, състоящи се от независими експерти, със задачата да събират и оценяват информация за нарушаването на човешките права по време на тоталитарното комунистическо управление на национално ниво, осъществявайки тясно сътрудничество с експертна комисия на съвета на Европа,<br />
14.  приемане на ясна международна законодателна рамка, гарантираща свободен и неограничен достъп до архивите, съдържащи информация за престъпленията на комунизма,<br />
15.  основаване на Институт на европейската памет и съвест, който ще е едновремемнно A) европейски научен институт за изследвания на тоталитаризма, разработващ научни и образователни проекти и предоставящ материална подкрепа на мрежата от национални изследователски институти, специализирани в областта на тоталитарния опит, B) и паневропейски музей/мемориал на жертвите на всички тоталитарни режими, имащ за цел да пази паметта на жертвите на тези режими и да създаде ясна представа за престъпленията, извършени от тях,<br />
16.  организиране на международна конференция за престъпленията, извършени от тоталитарните комунистически режими, с участието на представители на правителства, парламенти, академичната общност, на експерти и неправителствени организации, като резултатите от дискусиите бъдат широко огласени навсякъде по света,<br />
17.  преразглеждане и коригиране на учебниците по европейска история, така че децата да могат да научат и да са предупредени за комунизма и неговите престъпления по същия начин, по който са научени да осъждат нацистките престъпления,<br />
18.  общоевропейски масов и задълбочен дебат за историята на комунизма и последствията от него,<br />
19.  съвместно отбелязване през следващата година на 20-ата годишнина от падането на Берлинската стена и масовото клане на площад “Тиенанмън”. </p>
<p>Ние, участниците в Пражката конференция “Европейската съвест и комунизмът” се обръщаме към всички хора в Европа, към всички европейски институции, включително националните правителства, парламенти, Европейския парламент, Европейската комисия, Съвета на Европа и други важни международни органи, и ги призоваваме да подкрепят идеите и призивите, представени в тази Пражка декларация, и да ги осъществят с практически стъпки и политики.</p></blockquote>
<p align="left"><b>Václav Havel,</b> former dissident and President of Czechoslovakia / the Czech Republic<br />
<b>Joachim Gauck,</b> former Federal Commissioner for the Stasi archives, Germany<br />
<b>Lee Edwards,</b> Chairman, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, USA<br />
<b>Göran Lindblad,</b> Vice-president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Member of Parliament, Sweden<br />
<b>Vytautas  Landsbergis,</b> Member of the European Parliament, former dissident and President of Lithuania<br />
<b>Jana Hybášková,</b> Member of the European Parliament, Czech Republic<br />
<b>Christopher Beazley,</b> Member of the European Parliament, Great Britain<br />
<b>Tunne Kelam,</b> Member of the European Parliament, former dissident, Estonia<br />
<b>Jiří Liška,</b> Senator, Vice-chairman of the Senate, Parliament of the Czech Republic<br />
<b>Martin Mejstřík,</b> Senator, Parliament of the Czech Republic<br />
<b>Jaromír Štětina,</b> Senator, Parliament of the Czech Republic<br />
<b>Emanuelis Zingeris,</b> Member of Parliament, Lithuania, Chairman, International commission for the assessment of crimes of the Nazi and Soviet occupation regimes in Lithuania<br />
<b>Tseten Samdup Chhoekyapa,</b> Representative of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Geneva, Tibet<br />
<b>Ivonka Survilla,</b> Exile President of Belorussia, Canada<br />
<b>Zianon Pazniak,</b> Chairman of the People’s National Front of Belorussia, Chairman of the Belorussian Conservative Christian Party, USA<br />
<b>Růžena Krásná,</b> former political prisoner, politician, Czech Republic</p>
<p><em>Декларацията може да бъде подкрепена от български граждани, държавни институции и неправителствени организации. Достатъчно е да се изпрати електронно писмо, съдържащо имената на подписалия, организацията и държавата, на адрес:</em> andrysoval@senat.cz.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Peekskill]]></title>
<link>http://alterwords.wordpress.com/?p=965</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2008 02:44:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>hysperia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://alterwords.wordpress.com/?p=965</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
Peekskill&#8217;s Days of Infamy:
Pete Seeger was to perform at the concert, along with several fol]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color:#993366;"><strong><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/wuO7XpFelNw'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/wuO7XpFelNw&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;"><strong><a href="http://www.bencourtney.com/peekskillriots/" target="_self">Peekskill's Days of Infamy</a></strong>:</span></p>
<blockquote><p><span style="color:#993366;"><a href="http://alterwords.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/peek1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-966 alignleft" style="float:left;" src="http://alterwords.wordpress.com/files/2008/06/peek1.jpg?w=201" alt="" width="201" height="300" /></a>Pete Seeger was to perform at the concert, along with several folk singers and musicians, before [Paul] Robeson appeared. Seeger arrived early, at 11 a.m. The line of 2,500 union members was forming around the field like a human wall.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">Seeger's wife, Toshi, his 2-year-old son and 1-year-old daughter, Toshi's father, and another couple were with him in the Jeep station wagon.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">"It may sound silly now, but we were confident law and order would prevail," said Seeger in an interview. "I had been hit with eggs in North Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi, but this was New York State.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">"We heard about 150 people standing around the gate shout things like 'Go back to Russia! Kikes! Nigger-lovers!' It was a typical KKK crowd, without bedsheets," Seeger said.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">The police confiscated some baseball bats from the concert guards, and prevented a few clashes during the concert, which went on peacefully. Seeger sang folk songs, playing his banjo, and the program ranged through Mozart and Handel before Robeson came on.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">Most of the reporters present were outside the concert area, out on Oregon Road where the veterans' groups marched with their own bands. Warren Moscow, covering the concert for The New York Times, recognized someone he knew: Al Johnson, a state police sergeant. "Johnson was white with wrath because most of the local police were fraternizing with the demonstrators," Moscow said.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">He noticed that about every 20 feet along Oregon Road were cairns of stones. It would have been difficult to remove the piles quickly; he noted that "the local police had no interest in doing so."</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">The concert ended. "As the first cars came out, the police were kind of holding people back," Moscow said. Then, about 800 yards from the entrance, the first rocks flew.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">The rocks crashed through windows of cars and buses. Splintered glass flew into eyes, rocks hit foreheads and shoulders. Blood flowed from cuts.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">Kratka's bus moved out of the gate onto Oregon Road, where vehicles were moving at a crawl through the one escape route the police kept open.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">Kratka saw houses displaying American flags, and on the lawns were men and women tossing stone after stone while policemen on motorcycles rode beside the bus and did nothing.</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#993366;">"You've got to understand that there were just regular Americans.</span></p></blockquote>
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<title><![CDATA[War, Propaganda and the Media]]></title>
<link>http://undergroundnetwork.wordpress.com/?p=69</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jun 2008 08:36:23 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>undergroundnetwork</dc:creator>
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War, Propaganda and the Media
How can the media be used to peddle propaganda in a liberal democr]]></description>
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<p><strong>War, Propaganda and the Media</strong></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><strong><span lang="EN-NZ">How can the media be used to peddle propaganda in a liberal democracy?</span></strong></p>
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<p><span lang="EN-NZ">The notorious Nazi Party Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, once said, “it is the absolute right of the State to supervise the formation of public opinion” (1948). He also likened the press to a “great keyboard on which the government can play.” Goebbels was a master of manipulation and is largely credited with selling the Nazi cause to the German populace. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">In her 2007 book <em>A Russian Diary</em>, Anna Politkovskaya wrote of the overwhelming influence President Vladimir Putin and the Kremlin had over all aspects of Russian society, from business, to individual lives, to the media.<span> </span>A journalist writing for the Russian newspaper <em>Novaya gazeta</em>, Politkovskaya described the pro-Putin stance of the media: “As election day approaches, the television news bulletins increasingly resemble heartening dispatches on Putin’s achievements”(2007, p. 67).<span> </span>She recalls occasions of press censorship, threats from political leaders and an occasion where journalists were even detained for filming an anti-Putin demonstration. Those in the media that do not apply self-censorship and question the Kremlin risk losing their jobs. “Where freedom is, there is low pay, irregularly paid. The big time is the mass media that play ball with the Kremlin”(2007 p.154). Politkovskaya made a name for herself as a journalist who would tell the truth no matter what, reporting on the situation in Chechnya and the Caucasus, and the truth behind scandals such as the Dubrovka theatre siege in 2002 and the Beslan school siege in 2005 (2007, p. 44-45). Refusing to be silenced ultimately took her life; Politkovskaya was murdered outside her Moscow apartment in October 2006.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">However, in liberal democracies the overt propaganda of the sort Goebbels used to great effect in Germany, or the political pressure placed on journalists like Politkovskaya in Russia would not be possible. But it would naïve to believe democratic governments are unable to use the media to sell their policies to the voting masses. And as we have seen in recent years with the “War on Terror” and the Iraq War, the media can be as complicit as their governments in deceiving the public.</span><!--more--></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">In the new introduction to their 1988 book <em>Manufacturing Consent</em>, Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky present the “propaganda model” as “an analytical framework that attempts to explain the performance of the US media in terms of the basic institutional structures and relationships within which they operate” (2002, p. xi). They argue the media “serve, and propagandise on behalf of, the powerful societal interests that control and finance them”(2002, p. xi). This situation has arisen though changing social, political and economic factors that influence what news reaches us and how this news is presented. According the Herman and Chomsky: “The raw materials of news must pass through successive filters, leaving only the cleansed residue fit to print”(1988, p.2) There are five of these filters: The size, concentrated ownership, owner wealth, and profit orientation of the dominant mass media firms; advertising as the primary income source for the mass media; the reliance of the media on information provided by government, business and “experts funded and provided by these primary sources and agents of power; “flak as a means of disciplining the media; and “anticommunism” as a national religion and control mechanism (1988, p. 2).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Herman and Chomsky argue the gradual centralisation and concentration of the ownership of the media has assisted the propaganda model. Ben Bagdikan notes in the 1983 edition of <em>Media Monopoly</em> that 50 giant firms own almost all of the United States media, which decreases down to only 23 firms in the 1990 edition (1983 &#38; 1990, as cited by Herman and Chomsky, 2002, p. xiii). Now there are only really nine; Disney, AOL Time Warner, Viacom, News Corporation, Bertelsmann, General Electric, Sony, AT&#38;T-Liberty Media and Vivendi Universal (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 2002). These large media companies have also diversified beyond the media field and non-media companies have established a strong presence in the mass media industry (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988). For Herman and Chomsky, the ownership of the media by these large corporations poses a problem of conflict of interest. Considering media corporations are usually owned by larger parent companies who diversify and have interests in many different sectors, how do news outlets impartially and fairly report stories that involve or influence their parent companies? NBC is given as an example of this conflict, as the network is owned by RCA, which in turn is owned by General Electric. GE is a large multi-national corporation, with interests across the globe in several fields, including the nuclear power and arms industry. The corporation also contributes funding for the American Enterprise Institute, a right-wing think tank that supports intellectuals who promote pro-business messages (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988).<span> </span>However GE need not be the only corporation singled out; all businesses are interested in tax rates, interest rates, labour policies and business laws, so the media owned by these companies will push the ideas that favour their interests. In essence, it is as though the business effectively lobbies the media. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">The second filter is the use of advertising as the primary funding for mass media. Newspapers need advertiser to be able to sell newspapers under cost, without the support of advertisements, a paper would have to raise the price of their product and therefore be unable to compete with cheaper competition. So it is an imperative for newspapers to appeal to advertisers. Advertisers want to know there will be an audience for their advertisement, but not just any audience will do, they want an affluent audience who have the income to purchase their products. Working class and radical papers are therefore at a disadvantage (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988).<span> </span>Herman and Chomsky provide an example from post World War Two Britain of how the advertising imperative can undermine the quality of the media. Despite having a readership of almost double that of <em>The Times</em>,<em> </em>the <em>Guardian</em> and the <em>Financial Times</em> combined, left wing paper the <em>Daily Herald</em>, as well as the <em>News Chronicle</em> and the <em>Sunday Citizen</em>, folded due to a lack of advertisers (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988). When media require support from the business sector it is inevitable that social democrat and worker’s papers will lose out. The media risk losing their advertising if they broadcast or print something critical of multinationals. Herman and Chomsky argue this explains why there is, in their view, a lack of media attention and criticism of environmental degradation and war profiteering.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">The third filter that determines what product news consumers receive from the media is sourcing. Herman and Chomsky state the media “need a steady, reliable flow of the raw material of news” (1988, p. 18). They argue media centralisation and the reduction in resources committed to journalism, through cost cutting, have made the news media “more dependent than ever on the primary definers who both make the news and subsidise the media by providing accessible and cheap copy” (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 2002, p. xvii). In other words, press releases. As the media accepts it cannot afford to have reporters at all places where important stories break, they rely on press releases to fill the gap. To consolidate their position as sources of news, government agencies, business and lobby groups make a great effort to make things as easy for news organisations as possible. It is believed the use of press releases reduces the expense of investigative work, as information from government, corporate or established organisational sources is respected as credible<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>(Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988). This information is then repackaged as a story, without the critique that is arguably required. They say this is common practice, arguing a significant proportion of news originates from public relations releases. As Herman and Chomsky cynically put it, “there are, by one count, 20,000 more public relations agents working to doctor the news than there are journalists writing it” (2002, p. xvii).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Criticism of the media is the fourth filter of the propaganda model: “Flak refers to negative responses to a media statement or programmes” (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988, p. 26). These “negative responses” could be letters, phone calls, petitions, lawsuits or political criticism. If produced on a large enough scale, flak can become both uncomfortable and costly for the media, particular when businesses may pull their advertising. As Herman and Chomsky put it: “If certain kinds of fact, position, or programme are thought to elicit flak, this prospect is a deterrent” (1988, p. 26). They note the ability to produce flak, especially threatening and costly criticism, is related to power; in order to influence the media a critic must come from a privileged position, either in politics, business or a wealthy lobby group. Legal groups conservative media watch dogs have arisen, highlighting any criticisms of right wing economic or foreign policy to support the unfounded allegation of left wing bias within the media. Herman and Chomsky provide several examples of these conservative media lobby groups, including Freedom House, the Media Institute, the Centre for Media and Public Affairs, and Accuracy in Media (AIM). AIM was financed in the early 1980’s by corporate sponsorship, including at least eight separate oil companies (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988). The annual income of AIM rose from $5000 in 1971 to $1.5 million in the early 1980’s. Herman and Chomsky believe this support explains what they argue is the function of AIM and other media lobby groups “to harass the media and put pressure on them to follow the corporate agenda and hard line, right wing foreign policy” (1988, p. 27).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Possibly the most effective way to silence and discredit left wing and anti-militarist ideology in the media is the final filter of the propaganda model, anti-communism. According to Herman and Chomsky: “Communism as the ultimate evil has always been the spectre haunting property owners, as it threatens the very root of their class position and superior status. The Soviet, Chinese and Cuban revolutions were traumas to Western elites, and the ongoing conflicts and well-publicised abuses of communist states have contributed to elevating opposition to communism to a first principle of Western ideology and politics” (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988, p. 29). It is argued this helps to demonise the left, uniting the populace against not only those who support communist regimes abroad, but even those who advocate policies that threaten property rights or redistribution of wealth and resources. As a result the left has become fractured and discredited, as any party from the left can be written off as communist. And the accusation of being communist carried a cost during the Cold War, when a black and white mentality existed between the evil and oppression of Communism and the freedom of capitalist societies, a conflict of good and bad. The mass media reinforced the dichotomy of communism versus capitalism and “rooting for ‘our side’ was considered an entirely legitimate news practice” (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988, p. 31). Herman and Chomsky believe the media were central to mobilising the public against communism using any information that was critical of the left. “Defectors, informers and assorted other opportunists move to centre stage as “experts” and they remain there even after their exposure as highly unreliable, if not downright liars” (1988, p. 30). </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Written during the Cold War, <em>Manufacturing Consent</em> reflects the fears that existed during this period. However, with the fall of the Berlin Wall the “red scare” is no longer so persuasive, but perhaps the threat of international terrorism fills this void. Instead of allegations of sympathising with communists discrediting those on the left, now we see arguments the left are “soft on terror”, for example. Just as anti-communism could be argued to influence what gets media attention, anti-terrorism is just as persuasive in our post 911 world. Although referring to communism, Herman and Chomsky could easily be referring to militant Islam when they argue: “If the triumph of communism is the worst imaginable result, the support of fascism abroad is justified as a lesser evil”(1988, p. 29). </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">The result of the propaganda model is the status quo is reinforced. The media successfully pushes pro-business conservative ideology, whilst maintaining the illusion of impartiality, balance and fairness. They believe the dissent that is allowed is “kept within bounds and at the margins, so that while their presence shows the system is not monolithic, they are not large enough to interfere unduly with the domination of the official agenda” (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 2002, p. xii). </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Herman and Chomsky provide several examples of the propaganda model in action. Comparing popular media outlets in American, Herman and Chomsky compared the coverage of several different conflicts and human rights abuses around the world. They look at the use of language and the amount of coverage given to opposing sides in several respectable US newspapers and magazines: The <em>New York Times</em>, the <em>Los Angeles Times</em>, the <em>Washington Post</em>, <em>Newsweek</em> and <em>Time</em> (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 2002). If the propaganda model is to be credible, they must be able to identify examples of the way a conflict is framed in the media reflecting America’s relationships with the countries involved and whether any US businesses have interests in the region. Those countries America is friendly with, one should expect the media neglect to recognise their crimes, whereas one should expect the media to concentrate its efforts into criticisms of abuses by enemy countries.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Herman and Chomsky contrast the way the media approached human rights violations in Turkey, a US ally, and in communist Poland. The American government backed the Turkish martial-law government from its inception in 1980 and the business community supported the anti-communist movement in the country (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988). Media attention to the torture of political prisoners and attacks on trade unionists in Turkey was hard to find, the issue only pressed by human rights activists and groups with little political influence. According to the propaganda model, if the media had chosen to cover the Turkish torture on its own people, it would have had to go to an extra expense to find and fact check its own information sources, as the US government was not obliging, they would receive flak from government, business and organised right-wing lobby groups and risk losing favour from their vital financial supporters, corporate advertisers (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Herman and Chomsky contrast this with similar abuses that occurred in Poland and the media coverage that followed. As the Reagan government saw protests over political prisoners and the violation of the rights of trade unionists as a noble cause and a great propaganda tool, the media expectedly followed suit. Official sources and Polish dissidents provided adequate information for the media to cover the stories with minimal effort. Applying the propaganda model, Herman and Chomsky argue sources did not receive the same scrutiny and the criticism of Poland did not receive the same flak criticism over Turkish abuses would have (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988). And as Poland can be used in the propaganda war of the anti-communist era, the Polish abuses had more political use than those in the constitutionally secular Turkey.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">As a result, Herman and Chomsky say there are worthy and unworthy victims as far as the media are concerned. The suffering of some people can be used as propaganda against unfriendly countries, whereas abuses against others are best neglected as they challenge the prevailing myth. If reported, unworthy victims are often dehumanised, reduced to statistics, on the other hand the human face of worthy victims is shown to suit the official agenda.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">America’s special relationship with Turkey has led to other examples of selective reporting of abuses and the difference between worthy and unwanted victims. Bordering Iraq, Turkey and their southern neighbour share a tradition of persecuting their Kurdish minorities. A strategic ally for the West in the Middle East, Turkey’s has killed more than 30,000 in its conflict with the PKK, who seek an independent state (O’Toole, 2005). The PKK has been listed by the United States as a “terrorist group” so their persecution by the Turkish forces is easily justified by Western governments and the press. Saddam, although once a key ally for the US against the Ayatollah’s Iran, has been portrayed as the Hitler of our time, and was charged with gassing 5,000 Kurdish civilians to their deaths in 1988 (Penketh, &#38; Verkaik, 2005). Saddam was executed in December 2006 for this crime. Despite Turkey’s treatment of its Kurds being in no way less barbarous than Iraq’s, its ethnic cleansing is categorised as “repression”, whereas Iraq engages in “genocide”. The ridiculous nature of this hypocrisy is summed up with a quote by former US Ambassador Peter Galbraith stating, “while Turkey represses its own Kurds, its cooperation is essential to an American-led mission to protect Iraq’s Kurds from renewed genocide at the hands of Saddam Hussein” (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 2002, p. xx). Herman and Chomsky argue the word is used to demonise US enemies, but rarely applied to the Americans or their allies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Like their support for apartheid South Africa, Saddam Hussein and the Afghani Taliban, America supported the military dictatorship of President Suharto in Indonesia because it suited their agenda, most notably anti-communist policies. Reaching power after massacring the popular communists, Suharto maintained a reign of terror over 30 years, persecuting Indonesian dissenters and the people of East Timor. With US support over 100,000 people are believed to have been killed in the conflict (Curtis, 2003, in Pilger, 2005), however the killings received minimal coverage in the media. Herman and Chomsky attribute this to Indonesia’s special relationship with the US, the strong ties the South East Asian nation has with American businesses and its position as a model for capitalism in the region.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">This can be contrasted with the coverage of the Serbian killings of ethnic Albanians. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavian was in the media spotlight during the middle of 1990’s as the region disintegrated into conflict. With NATO planning air strikes against Serbia, Slobodan Milošević was accused of killing around 2000 Albanians in Kosovo (Herman Chomsky 2002). Although not belittling the horror of the crimes, it has been argued the death toll was over inflated in the media. Herman and Chomsky accuse the media of using the deaths to prepare the country for war. Both countries suppressing an ethnic minority in a similar manner, yet they are portrayed in the media in completely different ways, because of the interests of Western governments and multi-national corporations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">The 2003 invasion of Iraq presents an excellent case study in the propaganda model and the media’s ability to deceive. The propaganda model argues the media relies heavily on press releases, particularly from government departments. The carefully spun ‘truths’ disseminated from White House press secretaries were lapped up by a lazy media, who failed in their role to keep the United States Government accountable. This was evident during the build up to the invasion in March of 2003, with the media toeing the official line and not challenging the dubious claims made to justify the war, as they really ought to have.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">It can be shown the media does report conflict with bias and reinforce the status quo through reporting propaganda as fact and this is bought about by corporate and political pressures, but what influence does this have on the media’s audience? Although <em>Manufacturing Consent</em> stressed the propaganda model describes the force that shapes what they media does and not the effect this has on the voting populace (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 2002), it can be shown that such an effect does occur.<span> </span>Research conducted on the public’s knowledge of the war and the relationship this has with their support for the war, perfectly illustrates the ability of the media to corrupt debate with misinformation and undermine democracy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">The Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press has commissioned surveys into the media’s coverage of the Iraq War and the effect their coverage has had on the voting public. Released in October 2003, the <em>Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War</em> survey asked what unfounded beliefs Americans held about the conflict, the media’s role in propelling this misinformation and the impact these beliefs had on whether voters supported or opposed the war. Focusing on just those myths that may have influenced people’s decision to support the invasion, the survey asked participants whether they believed “weapons of mass destruction” had been found in Iraq, whether there were links between Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda, and whether Saddam was linked to the September 11 attacks.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">In February 2003, then Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly and accused Iraq of deceiving the international community about its weapons programme (<em>Guardian</em>, 2003). Maintaining the belief Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction, despite UN weapons inspectors finding no evidence of the purported weapons; Powell made the case for a military solution. However several years later no such weapons have actually been found, and the Bush Administration has acknowledged the information may have been flawed (<em>The Age</em>, 2004). Yet, the survey found 34 per cent of people believed weapons of mass destruction had in fact been found, with another seven per cent not sure (Kull, 2003). A substantial minority (22 per cent) even believed these weapons had been used during the recent war with the Americans (Kull, 2003).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">It is not surprising this misperception remains. The first result that comes up if one Googles “WMD’s in Iraq” is a June 2006 Fox News story on two US Senators who claim “hundreds” of weapons of mass destruction have been found in Iraq since the 2003 invasion (Fox News, 2006). In fact, survey respondents were far more likely to believe the weapons had been found if they watched Fox News as their dominant news outlet; 33 per cent of viewers compared to the next closest 23 per cent for CBS News (Kull, 2003). Long after the invasion, conservative bloggers and websites still maintain the elusive weapons have been proven to exist or even found (Procter, 2007). This is despite the lack of weapons actually found, and the Bush administration conceding the information “proving” the existence of the weapons was flawed as early as mid 2003 (CBS, 2003).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Another claim made to help garner public support for the invasion was the myth Saddam Hussein had links to al Qaeda. Despite it being well known Osama bin Laden hated the Baathist Iraqi regime and the fact that both parties had contrary worldviews, the myth was well supported in the media, and therefore held by the public. Fox News reinforced this myth by dishonestly displaying a “war on terror” banner across the screen whenever broadcasting a story on Iraq, despite there being no relationship between Saddam and Osama. The September 11 Commission concluded there was no "collaborative relationship" between Iraq and al Qaeda, despite assertions from Vice President Dick Cheney only days before the release of the Commissions findings that links did exist (Milbank &#38; Pincus, 2004). The administration has a history of making such ridiculous allegations; one need not look further than Bush’s “Axis of evil” 2003 State of the Union speech for another example. However, the media should be expected not to report such as allegations as the truth, although ideally the media should be able to rely on the authorities for credible information.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Even the accusation that Saddam was in some way responsible for the September 11 attacks in 2001 has been made in media. This myth has also been dismissed by the September 11 Commission stating, “we have no credible evidence that Iraq and al Qaeda cooperated on attacks against the United States” (Milbank &#38; Pincus, 2004). Remarkably, this was the misperception most commonly held by respondents. Only seven per cent believed (rightly) no connection existed, with the remaining respondents believing Iraq was either directly involved (22 per cent), gave substantial support to al Qaeda but was not involved in September 11 (35 per cent), or believing a few al Qaeda individuals met or contacted Iraqi officials (30 per cent) (Kull, 2003). Some respondents even claimed to have seen “conclusive evidence” of the link, despite the US intelligence communities back down on the allegation (Kull, 2003, p. 1).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Those who got their news from public broadcasters PBS or NPR were the most likely not to hold any of the misperceptions, with only 23 percent of PBS viewers and NPR listeners believers in the any of the myths. Those who watched Fox News (80 per cent) or CBS (71 per cent) were the most likely to believe one or more of the unfounded myths (Kull, 2003). The survey found that those who held one or more misperception were more likely to support the war; of those who had no misperceptions only 23 per cent supported the invasion of Iraq, whereas 53 per cent of those with one, 78 per cent of those with two and 86 per cent of those with three misperceptions supported the invasion of Iraq (Kull, 2003).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Former White House Press Secretary Scott McClellan has recently admitted the reasons to wage war against Iraq were flawed and the war should not have been declared, although stops short of accusing the Administration of deliberately misleading or deceiving the public (Fox News, 2008). A recently released report is not so kind; a US Senate committee report found the Administration repeated exaggerated what was known about Iraq’s weapons programme and intentionally made the erroneous link between Saddam and al Qaeda and September 11 to push the case for war (Pincus and Warrick, 2008). </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">In a debate over whether the media failed the public, prominent e<span class="textmed">vening news anchors Katie Couric, Charles Gibson and Brian Williams disagreed over the charge the media had not asked the tough questions prior to the war (Celezic, 2008). One problem noted by Williams was the inability of the media to verify or challenge the government’s claims. Both Couric and Williams also cited examples of pressure from the administration to report the correct angle, or else face difficulty getting information in the future. They each acknowledge that in post-September 11 America, there was an overwhelming sense of patriotism and conformity.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">In March of 2003, as America and its “Coalition of the willing” prepared to enter Iraq, public support for the war was remarkably high in the United States. According to Pew Research, 71 per cent of respondents believed the decision to use military force in Iraq was the right one, compared to 22 per cent who saw the decision as the wrong one. Since then the popularity of the war was on a gradual decline, although the capture of Hussein in late 2003 did momentarily boost support for the engagement. By late 2005, those who opposed the war and believed the troops should be withdrawn exceeded those who still supported the war.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">As reports of how the Administration had deceived the public and their reasons for entering Iraq were gradually discredited in the media, support for the war declined. Coupled with scandals such as prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in 2004, studies illustrating international animosity towards the United States and increasing casualty numbers reported in the media, the support for the war subsequently plummeted, as did George W Bush’s approval rating as Commander in Chief.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">As all the initial reasons for invading Iraq have been dismissed, the proponents for the war have turned to “regime change” and “liberation” as the justification for the invasion and subsequent occupation. However the accusations levelled at the Bush Administration as to the real reasons behind the invasion have retained their credibility. Critics of the race to war have cited oil profits and reconstruction contracts as the real reasons for the conflict, allegations that have recently gained credence with a recent report. Dick Cheney’s former company Halliburton obtained lucrative contracts in Iraq under dubious circumstances, as have other businesses with military and administration connections (Corbin, 2008). Accusations are also abound private contractors have been misappropriating billions of money earmarked for reconstruction (Corbin, 2008). This reinforces the propaganda model’s assertion that business interests drive the media agenda, and war is big business.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">If it can be argued the media’s reporting of Iraq ultimately made it possible for the invasion of Iraq to receive public support, it does not bode well for Iran. As Western governments continue to accuse Iran of a nuclear programme that has not ultimately been proven to exist, the media appear to be making the same faults it did prior to the Iraq War. Much has been broadcast and published on the suspected nuclear ambitions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, although it appears much is merely speculation. The media is selective in what is considered news worthy; Ahmadinejad’s oft repeated “wipe Israel off the map” comment is frequently referred to, to illustrate the Iranian President as a madman, despite the comment being taken completely out of context (Celalifer, 2005). On the other hand, Israel’s Deputy Defence Minster, </span><span lang="EN-NZ">Matan Vilnai,</span><span lang="EN-NZ"> threatened the Palestinians with a “shoah” the Hebrew term for Holocaust, if rocket attacks did not cease, a comment that received very little coverage compared to Ahmadinejad’s threat (BBC, 2008). Again the coverage is hypocritical, especially considering Israel’s alleged 150 nuclear missiles, and arguably reflects not reality, but political and economic interests (Maddox, 2008).</span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">The propaganda model is not without its critics, and many potential flaws can be found in some of its premises. Watergate affair is often admired as a case of remarkable investigative journalism, as the revelation that Richard Nixon was involved in a break-in at the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Hotel complex, eventually resulting in his departure from office. This could certainly be held up as an example against the propaganda model, as the scandal targeted the pinnacle of the established elite, the President of the United States of America. Not so, says Herman and Chomsky.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ"><em>“Powerful groups are capable of defending themselves, not surprisingly; and by media standards, it is a scandal when their position and rights are threatened. By contrast, as long as illegalities and violations of democratic substance are confined to marginal groups or distant victims of US military attack, or result in a diffused cost on the general population, media opposition is muted or absent altogether”.</em> (Herman &#38; Chomsky, 1988, p. 300).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Nixon could do what he wanted, until he threatened the powerful. Break-ins also occurred at socialist political organisations during this era, but there was no scandal. It was not until the Democrats were targeted did the media take note, because the Democrats themselves also represent powerful elements of American society. Herman and Chomsky believe the argument actually reinforces the core idea of the model, of the overwhelming influence of power on the media, and state “the very examples offered in praise of the media for their independence, or criticism of their excessive zeal, illustrate exactly the opposite”. (1988, p. 301).</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Does the propaganda model account for all the coverage of the Iraq War? How will the propaganda account for the coverage of recent human rights abuses by the American military? Surely the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal, the accusations of torture surrounding Guantanamo Bay detention centre, as well as various other cases of violations of international and American constitutional law, cast doubt on the validity of the propaganda model. Herman and Chomsky do argue dissenting opinions are allowed to reinforce the illusion that the media is fair and impartial, however media criticism of US abuses has gone beyond simply being a dissenting voice. It appears the model still applies well to the Iraq War, although it looks as though there are times it falls short.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Arguably the internet has changed the situation, as mainstream media no longer has a complete monopoly over news. Although independent websites and bloggers have credibility issues, they do place pressure on the conventional media to cover all the stories. Perhaps the Bush Administrations waning influence at home and abroad, and the apparent failure of the Project for a New American Century, the rising influence of the internet and emerging superpowers China and India, all conspired to ensure the<span> </span>Administration has not the same influence over the media it had immediately after September 11.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">&#60;!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--&#62; &#60;!--[endif]--&#62;</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Herman and Chomsky successfully apply the propaganda model to conflicts, scandals and dodgy elections from across the globe, from Africa, to the Middle East, from Europe to Asia, and across South and Central America. Although Herman and Chomsky do not ague the model means the public is always deceived by the propaganda, the Iraq War proves a well-reported lie can persuade the public to support an illegal invasion of a sovereign nation. Considering this, I think we can assume, with some confidence, that other examples given also led to misconceptions amongst a misinformed public, which in turn means democracy is undermined. As a result of the propaganda model, the role of the media is seriously thrown into question. Arguably, democracy can only work with an informed public, or else the system risks being corrupted by something akin to what Plato termed the “tyranny of the majority”. Herman and Chomsky posit the media as a tool for those who have influence to obtain more influence, which shockingly mirrors the view of Joseph Goebbels. Perhaps the author of the ever-relevant <em>Nineteen-Eighty-Four</em>, George Orwell, put it best: “The people will believe what the media tells them they believe” (1949). </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;" lang="EN-NZ"><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Bibliography</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em></em></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em><span lang="EN-NZ">The Age</span></em><span lang="EN-NZ">, (2004), <em>US admits no WMD in Iraq</em>, http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/07/1097089452364.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">BBC News, (2008), <em>Israel warns of invasion of Gaza</em>, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7270650.stm</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Carruthers, S. L., (2000), <em>The Media at War</em>, London: Macmillan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">CBS News (2003), <em>White House admits WMD error</em>, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/07/09/iraq/main562312.shtml</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Celalifer, A., (2005), <em>Ahmadinejad did not say “wipe Israel off the map”</em>, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article12763.htm</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Celezic, M., (2008), <em>News Anchors differ on Iraq War coverage</em>, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24855902/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Chomsky, H., &#38; Herman, E. S., (1988), <em>Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</em>, New York: Pantheon Books.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Corbin, J., (2008), <em>BBC uncovers lost Iraqi billions,</em> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7444083.stm</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Fisk, R., (2008), <em>The Age of the Warrior: Selected Writings</em>, London: 4<sup>th</sup> Estate.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><em></em></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Fox News, (2006), <em>Hundreds of WMD found in Iraq</em>, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200499,00.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Fox News (2008), <em>White House Officials decry McClellan claims about Administration</em>, </span><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,359600,00.html">http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,359600,00.html</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Full text Colin Powell’s speech (2003), <em>US secretary of state's address to the United Nations Security Council</em>,<em> </em>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/feb/05/iraq.usa</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Goebbels, J., (1948), <em>The Goebbels Diaries</em>, London: Double Day.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Hirst, M., &#38; Patching, R., (2007) <em>Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases</em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Kull, S., (2003). <em>Misperception, the Media and the Iraq War</em>, Baltimore: University of Maryland.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Maddox, B., (2008), <em>Jimmy Carter says Israel had 150 Nuclear Weapons</em>, </span><span lang="EN-NZ"><a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article4004300.ece">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article4004300.ece</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Milbank, D., &#38; Pincus, W., (2004), <em>Al Qaeda-Hussein link is dismissed</em>, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47812-2004Jun16.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Orwell, G., (1949), <em>Nineteen Eighty-four</em>, London: Penguin Books.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">O’Toole, P., (2005), <em>Plight of Turkish Kurds continues</em>, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4540535.stm</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Penketh, A., &#38; Verkaik, R., (2005), <em>Dutch court says gassing of Iraqi Kurds was ‘genocide’</em>, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dutch-court-says-gassing-of-iraqi-kurds-was-genocide-520599.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Pilger, J., (ed.), (2005), <em>Tell me no lies</em>, London: Vintage.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Pincus, W., &#38; Warrick, J., (2008), <em>Bush inflated threat from Iraq’s banned weapons</em>, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/05/AR2008060501523.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Politkovskaya, A., (2007) <em>A Russian Diary</em>, London: Harvill Secker.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Procter, A., (2007) <em>New proof emerges that Saddam had no weapons of mass destruction ambitions</em>, http://amyproctor.squarespace.com/blog/2007/8/31/new-proof-emerges-that-saddam-had-no-wmd-ambitions.html</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-NZ">Seib, P., (2004), <em>Beyond the Front Lines</em>, New York: Palgrave.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
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<title><![CDATA[Dennis Bernstein &amp; Laura Sydell:Friendly Dictators]]></title>
<link>http://wordsinresistance.wordpress.com/?p=672</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:00:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>immorfo</dc:creator>
<guid>http://wordsinresistance.wordpress.com/?p=672</guid>
<description><![CDATA[U.S. State Department Policy Planning Study #23, 1948:
Our real task&#8230; is to devise a pattern o]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>U.S. State Department Policy Planning Study #23, 1948:</p>
<p>Our real task... is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity [U.S. military- economic supremacy]... To do so, we will have to dispense with all sentimentality and day-dreaming... We should cease to talk about vague and...unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standards, and democratization... we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts. The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better. George Kennan, Director of Policy Planning. U.S. State Department. 1948</em></p>
<p><strong>Many of the world's most repressive dictators have been friends of America. </strong></p>
<p>Tyrants, torturers, killers, and sundry dictators and corrupt puppet-presidents have been aided, supported, and rewarded handsomely for their loyalty to US interests. Traditional dictators seize control through force, while constitutional dictators hold office through voting fraud or severely restricted elections, and are frequently puppets and apologists for the military juntas which control the ballot boxes. In any case, none have been democratically elected by the majority of their people in fair and open elections.</p>
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<p>They are democratic America's undemocratic allies. They may rise to power through bloody ClA-backed coups and rule by terror and torture. Their troops may receive training or advice from the CIA and other US agencies. US military aid and weapons sales often strengthen their armies and guarantee their hold on power. Unwavering "anti-communism" and a willingness to provide unhampered access for American business interests to exploit their countries' natural resources and cheap labor are the excuses for their repression, and the primary reason the US government supports them. They may be linked internationalIy to extreme right-wing groups such as the World Anti-Communist League, and some have had strong Nazi affiliations and have offered sanctuary to WWll Nazi war criminals.</p>
<p>They usually grow rich, while their countries' economies deteriorate and the majority of their people live in poverty. US tax dollars and US-backed loans have made billionaires of some, while others are international drug dealers who also collect CIA paychecks. Rarely are they called to account for their crimes. And rarely still, is the US government held responsible for supporting and protecting some of the worst human rights violators in the world.</p>
<p>Friendly dictators</p>
<p>Abacha, General Sani ----------------------------Nigeria<br />
Amin, Idi ------------------------------------------Uganda<br />
Banzer, Colonel Hugo ---------------------------Bolivia<br />
Batista, Fulgencio --------------------------------Cuba<br />
Bolkiah, Sir Hassanal ----------------------------Brunei<br />
Botha, P.W. ---------------------------------------South Africa<br />
Branco, General Humberto ---------------------Brazil<br />
Cedras, Raoul -------------------------------------Haiti<br />
Cerezo, Vinicio -----------------------------------Guatemala<br />
Chiang Kai-Shek ---------------------------------Taiwan<br />
Cordova, Roberto Suazo ------------------------Honduras<br />
Christiani, Alfredo -------------------------------El Salvador<br />
Diem, Ngo Dihn ---------------------------------Vietnam<br />
Doe, General Samuel ----------------------------Liberia<br />
Duvalier, Francois --------------------------------Haiti<br />
Duvalier, Jean Claude-----------------------------Haiti<br />
Fahd bin'Abdul-'Aziz, King ---------------------Saudi Arabia<br />
Franco, General Francisco -----------------------Spain<br />
Hitler, Adolf ---------------------------------------Germany<br />
Hassan II-------------------------------------------Morocco<br />
Marcos, Ferdinand -------------------------------Philippines<br />
Martinez, General Maximiliano Hernandez ---El Salvador<br />
Mobutu Sese Seko -------------------------------Zaire<br />
Noriega, General Manuel ------------------------Panama<br />
Ozal, Turgut --------------------------------------Turkey<br />
Pahlevi, Shah Mohammed Reza ---------------Iran<br />
Papadopoulos, George --------------------------Greece<br />
Park Chung Hee ---------------------------------South Korea<br />
Pinochet, General Augusto ---------------------Chile<br />
Pol Pot---------------------------------------------Cambodia<br />
Rabuka, General Sitiveni ------------------------Fiji<br />
Montt, General Efrain Rios ---------------------Guatemala<br />
Salassie, Halie ------------------------------------Ethiopia<br />
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira --------------------Portugal<br />
Somoza, Anastasio Jr. --------------------------Nicaragua<br />
Somoza, Anastasio, Sr. -------------------------Nicaragua<br />
Smith, Ian ----------------------------------------Rhodesia<br />
Stroessner, Alfredo -----------------------------Paraguay<br />
Suharto, General ---------------------------------Indonesia<br />
Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas -----------------------Dominican Republic<br />
Videla, General Jorge Rafael ------------------Argentina<br />
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed ----------------------Pakistan</p>
<p>Artículo Original y más información: <a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2844.htm">Information Clearing House</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Национално събрание на СВВНВУ ШЗО и РВГ]]></title>
<link>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=949</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2008 19:23:37 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Любомир Георгиев</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=949</guid>
<description><![CDATA[




През 1908 г. е основан Съюзът на запасните офицери. Пре]]></description>
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<td valign="top"><a title="10-ти юбилеен конгрес на СВВНВУ ШЗО и РВГ" href="http://mydsb.wordpress.com/2008/06/10/dsb2008061002/"><img style="border:0;" src="http://mydsb.hit.bg/450/vnvu6.jpg" alt="10-ти юбилеен конгрес на СВВНВУ ШЗО и РВГ" /></a></td>
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<p style="color:black;text-align:justify;">През 1908 г. е основан Съюзът на запасните офицери. През 1992 г. оцелелите български офицери и техни потомци възстановяват съюза, който днес се нарича <b>Съюз на възпитаниците на Военните на Негово Величество училища, Школата за запасни офицери и Родолюбивото войнство и гражданство (СВВНВУ ШЗО и РВГ)</b>.</p>
<p style="color:black;text-align:justify;">На 9 юни 2008 г. се проведе <a href="http://edinzavet.wordpress.com/2008/06/09/10natsabrvnvu/">десетият юбилеен конгрес </a> на Съюза.</p>
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<p align="justify">Текстът, който цитирам по-долу, е посветен на тези железни българи (и не само) и e ценен образователен материал.</p>
<hr />
<h2 style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://templar.blog.bg/viewpost.php?id=200878">"Кажи кога да умра"</a></h2>
<p>Автор: <a href="http://templar.blog.bg/">templar</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Спокойно, това е заглавие на книга. Но днес няма да пиша за книги. Ще пиша за хора. И по-точно за човеци.<br />
Вчера имах честта да участвам в националното събрание на Съюза на възпитаниците на Военното на Негово Величество училище (известни като "царските офицери"). Разбира се, имаше присъщата за тази общност тържественост и церемониалност - бойното знаме на ВНВУ бе внесено от няколко кавалери на по два ордена за храброст, под звуците на гвардейски оркестър. <a href="http://templar.blog.bg/photos/31865/original/vnvu6.jpg">Знаменосците</a> бяха на по 90 години. Излязоха на сцената и застанаха мирно. Така стояха, изпънати като струни до знамето през цялата официална част на откриването. Наложи ми се да изляза и объркан в коридора се озовах зад кулисите. Там видях следната мила картинка: На столчета седят двама възрастни господа, които съвсем дискретно, незабележимо се редуват да сменят знаменосеца на сцената, защото поради възрастта си, не може да стои прав прекалено дълго, а и знамето тежи в треперещите му ръце...</p>
<p>За последните 20 години неотклонно се бутам в обществения живот. Имам съмнителната привилегия да познавам лично дейността на огромна част от антикомунистическите деятели в София. <strong>И съвсем отговорно, убедено и непоколебимо твърдя, че от всички тези хора, интелектуалци, политически дейци, репресирани, стара буржоазия, надъхани свободолюбци и прочие, бившите царски офицери стоят няколко класи по-високо в морално, човешко, личностно отношение.</strong> Те са най-качестввените хора, които съм благословен да познавам, много ярко контрастират на фона на всички останали.</p>
<p>Като казвам това, искам да декларирам: Моят дядо (Бог да го прости) е царски офицер. Но аз нямам личен спомен от него, тъй като почина когато бях на 4, при това живееше в друг град. Така че възторгът ми към тези хора е плод не на родова памет, а на личен опит от срещите по площади, шествия, очукани партийни и читалищни зали и много, много разговори.</p>
<p>Като казвам, че възпитаниците на ВНВУ са най-качествените хора, нямам предвид обичайните добродетели, които харесвам у тях, и които могат да се сторят дискусионни за мнозина. Нямам предвид фанатичния им патриотизъм, безкомпромисния антикомунизъм и вдъхновяващия (за мен) консерватизъм и неподатливост на "модерно" пазарно-ориентирано светоусещане. Не говоря за тези неща. Не и в тази статия. </p>
<p>Онова, което отличава като черното от бялото царските офицери от комунистическите офицери, отличава царските офицери от останалите съсловия, изстрадали комунизма, отличава царските офицери от всички следващи поколения,  е преди всичко уникалното чувство за дълг. Чувството за дълг е онази тяга, която им позволява да преживеят десетилетия мъчения, концлагери, затвори, унижения и тормоз от всякакво естество и да доживеят промените с гордост, чест и завидно достойнство. В годините на прехода, когато младите поколения антикомунисти масово се огъваха, корумпираха, разочароваха и разкашкваха пред изкушенията на времето, тези старци останаха <strong>бетон от чест и морал</strong>. Казвам го, защото ги познавам добре. Лично и поотделно. Не говоря общи приказки и обобщения.</p>
<p>Къде се крие това уникално чувство за дълг? Къде е тайната? Мисля че ми просветна къде е.<br />
Тайната е в клетвата. Тя отличава царския офицер от останалите мъже на България.</p>
<p>Всички ние, които сме служили,  сме се клели с войнишката клетва. В различните епохи нейния текст се е променял, но в общи линии се е свеждал до думите "...<em><strong>и ако се наложи, да дам живота си  за нея [Родината]</strong></em>...". Докато сме в казармата и после, ако ни призове под знамената...</p>
<p>Клетвата на царските офицери е:  <strong>"Кажи кога да умра!"</strong>*<br />
За разлика от нас, те обричат не  живота, а смъртта си на Родината.<br />
Това означава, че поемайки пагоните пред иконата в параклиса на Военното училище, твоят живот става един постоянен караул, всеки ден и час,  до последния дъх. И през целия останал свой живот трябва да бъдеш изряден, стегнат, бдителен, трезвен, и храбър - като пред знамето.  Обричаш на България не живота, а времето до смъртта си. Родината само трябва да избере кога да я изпрати при теб, за да те освободи от "носене на службата".</p>
<p>Затова ти си еднакво горд и спокоен, когато умираш под куршумите в полята на Унгария, падаш пребит до бригадирската количка в концлагера или издъхваш от старост в мизерия, забравен от близките си. Посрещаш съдбата си с вдигнато чело - просто изпълняваш дълга и спазваш клетвата си - кристално ясна и изчистена от морална гледна точка постановка, няма дилеми, няма място за разочарования.</p>
<p>Хората, които са видели и преживели повече смърт, отколкото аз съм  гледал  по филмите, бяха и са най-живите и най-добри човеци, които познавам!</p>
<p>"Промяната" заварва възрастните и съсипани от тежкия живот войни с разклатено здраве и минимални пенсии (нали са "фашисти"). Държавата, в лицето на повечето правителства, включително "нашите" ги подмята и подритва. Тогава те се организират сами - онези от тях, които са лекари по образование правят график и в клуба на Съюза започват да дават дежурства и консултации за своите братя по клетва. Без заплащане и за сметка на личното си време...</p>
<p><strong>В Клуба на СДС - Триадица имаше един служител, който отговаряше за помещението - да отключва и заключва, да бъде чисто и подредено.  Възрастен човечец, изключително съвестен и любезен.  Надъханите политиканстващи философи, <a href="http://mydsb.wordpress.com/2008/02/17/dsb2008021701/#comment-927">общественици</a> и възторжени деятели на гражданското общество понякога го гледаха отвисоко, като някакъв байчо. Някой обаче знаеха, че този скромен и тих човек е два пъти кавалер на ордена "За храброст", преживял всички зверства на най-хуманния строй.  Баща му, също офицер, e легендарният Любомир Кузупов, спасил през Европейската война  знамето на Първи пехотен софийски полк, като месеци наред го крил под дрехите си в пленническия лагер, под заплаха от моментален разстрел. Така че, ако днес се бием в гърдите, че "нямаме пленено знаме", то е заради този човек... човек, който вечер след вечер чакаше до тъмно да изговорим всичките си глупости и да свършим всичките си цигари, за да може да загаси и заключи след нас...</p>
<p>Когато бай Сашо (Бог да го прости, често се сещам за него, като гледам звездите вечер) се разболя тежко, с ръководството на организацията решихме да подпомогнем финансово лечението му.. Както можете да предположите, той беше на 80 и..и нямаше излишни средства. Най-трудното нещо на света беше, да се преборим с желязната гордост, на този толкова кротък в ежедневието си човек. Той никога не се оплака. Научихме за болестта му от други хора. Не желаеше да приеме помощ от никого,  дори от своите приятели. И това ставаше във времето, когато стотици напираха и се мазнеха, белким закачат нещо от "нашата" власт...</strong></p>
<p>Такива ми ти работи...</p>
<p>* <em>"Кажи кога да умра" е заглавието на една книга  от Христо Троански - биография на полк. Димитър Младенов. Авиаторите, които бранеха небето на България от летящите крепости, имаха черепи на петлиците си, т.нар. хералдическа "мъртвешка глава"</em></p></blockquote>
<p>!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[McManus: China Grudgingly Permitting Replacement Children After Earthquake Kills Many]]></title>
<link>http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com/2008/05/28/mcmanus-china-grudgingly-permitting-replacement-children-after-earthquake-kills-many/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2008 07:02:49 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Steve Farrell</dc:creator>
<guid>http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com/2008/05/28/mcmanus-china-grudgingly-permitting-replacement-children-after-earthquake-kills-many/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[By John F. McManus
ARTICLE SYNOPSIS:
    Chinese authorities have relaxed their totalitarian edict r]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By John F. McManus</p>
<p><b><img style="max-width:800px;float:left;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:10px;" src="http://www.jbs.org/files/McManus%20200b.JPG" height="129" width="102" />ARTICLE SYNOPSIS:</b></p>
<p>    Chinese authorities have relaxed their totalitarian edict regarding a second child, but only for parents who lost a child in the recent earthquake.</p>
<p>    Follow this link to the original source: "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/27/world/asia/27child.html?_r=2&#38;scp=1&#38;sq=One-Child+Policy+Lifted+for+Parents+of+China+Quake+Victi&#38;oref=slogin">One-Child Policy Lifted for Quake Victims’ Parents [1]</a>"</p>
<p><b>COMMENTARY:</b></p>
<p>    They have to be "qualified" by an official of the Population and Family Planning Committee, but couples who lost a child in the devastating earthquake will be permitted to have another. Thus, attention is drawn once again to one of the key horrors emanating from the totalitarian government ruling China.</p>
<p>    What could be a greater indicator of freedom than the ability to bring children into the world? Yet, for many years, China has punished couples who sire more than one, even taking a second child's life if the quota of one per family has been exceeded.</p>
<p>    Because of the communist government's policy, introduced in 1979, many women who have given birth to a son have submitted to sterilization. Others who lost a son now find themselves too old to conceive. In a society where a son is considered absolutely essential, the loss of a male heir who will care for aged parents is deemed cataclysmic.</p>
<p>    The earthquake that occurred near midday on May 12 killed more than 60,000. Its toll included a large number of youngsters in schools, whose construction is now being labeled deficient. An estimated 10,000 students — many of them only sons — perished in the rubble of collapsing structures. Anguished parents have been seen carrying photos or some other memorabilia of their lost son as they seek permission to rear a replacement. It's hard to imagine having to ask for permission to rear children, but it is common in China.</p>
<p>    Fallout from China's decades-long one-child policy has led to widespread abortion of female babies, even infanticide if prior knowledge of gender hadn't been determined and a girl baby was born. As a result, there is already an existing shortage of women for an overabundance of Chinese men. Some men have traveled to South Korea to find a spouse. Reports even exist of Asian women being kidnapped and brought into China to be married.</p>
<p>    History confirms that totalitarianism can never be practiced without dire consequences. While many prefer to look only at China's dramatic economic gains, the seeds of dissolution have already been planted because freedom beats in the breast of every human being. How many years before it takes hold in the world's most populated nation remains to be seen. One way of helping the Chinese people enjoy all of the gifts God gives to everyone is to refrain in every way from propping up their barbarous leaders. Such a change in U.S. policy is only one of many sorely needed reversals in Washington. </p>
<p><i><a href="http://stiffrightjab.wordpress.com">Stiff Right Jab</a> contributing editor, John F. McManus, is President of the J<a href="http://jbs.org">ohn Birch Society</a>, publisher of <a href="http://thenewamerican.com">The New American</a> magazine, and the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&#38;search-type=ss&#38;index=books&#38;field-author=John%20F.%20McManus&#38;page=1">several books.</a></i></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Apostle Trump Card]]></title>
<link>http://thinkinginamarrowbone.wordpress.com/?p=107</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2008 06:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Ryan</dc:creator>
<guid>http://thinkinginamarrowbone.wordpress.com/?p=107</guid>
<description><![CDATA[a·pos·tle ·trump ·card – logical fallacy : a logical fallacy referring to attempts to end poli]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://thinkinginamarrowbone.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/bensonike.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-110" src="http://thinkinginamarrowbone.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/bensonike.jpg?w=211" alt="" width="211" height="164" /></a><span class="me"><strong>a·pos·tle ·trump ·card – </strong><em>logical fallacy</em><strong> : </strong></span>a logical fallacy referring to attempts to end political discussion by quoting a general authority.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When debating in Mormon circles, many feel that one can’t disagree with a political statement by an apostle. To them, doing so would clearly indicate drifting or even apostasy from the principles of the Church. This kind of thinking is both unproductive and inaccurate because it assumes that there is no political disagreement among the Brethren and that your apostle of choice speaks for the church on political matters. This is simply not true. Nonetheless, the apostle trump card is often played in debates across the Mormon world—especially by conservatives. I will illustrate the problem using the most common example: Ezra Taft Benson.<!--more--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">President Benson was an incredible apostle and prophet—certainly called of God. He did great things for the Church and our country, serving under Eisenhower as Secretary of Agriculture. He had great love for the Constitution and great fear of communism. Benson’s conservatism makes him a popular trump card among conservatives who use him as a means of substantiating their views on entitlements and other issues, assuming that Benson’s political statements establish the will of God on these matters. In their minds, the fact that Benson shares their views closes the door on discussion entirely, stifling responsible thought and discussion about political issues. This tendency can sometimes be perceived as self-righteousness, and it shows a general lack of knowledge about a complex time in Church history—the apostles did disagree on political matters.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the late 1950s, Benson began a close association with the leaders of the John Birch Society, an anti-communist organization that many considered extremist. Despite Benson’s persistent involvement with the Birchers, President McKay disagreed with many of their viewpoints and never allowed Benson to join this society. There was also much disagreement among the apostles regarding Benson’s views on communism. During the 1960s, Benson delivered anti-communist speeches, including in them statements about the relationship between socialism and communism and the dangers of anything like unto them. These statements concerned many Church members, including the apostles and even the counselors in McKay’s First Presidency: Hugh B. Brown and N. Eldon Tanner, both Democrats. Brown was also concerned about the dangers of communism, but he and others felt that Benson’s controversial remarks and accusations (he had supported Joseph McCarthy) were not the best ways to fight the problem. Public views of the association between the Birchers and the Church, largely due to Benson’s support of their politics, led the First Presidency to issue a statement that read in part, “We deplore the presumption of some politicians, especially officers, co-ordinators [sic] and members of the John Birch Society, who undertake to align the Church or its leadership with their partisan views.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1968, Benson made plans with Senator Strom Thurmond (yes, <em>that</em> Strom Thurmond) to form a third party and run for president. Benson and Thurmond were in opposition to the civil rights movement—Thurmond due to racism, and Benson due to a belief that the movement was a communist conspiracy. This concerned many of the Brethren, and McKay asked that Benson not participate. The relationship among the Brethren regarding Benson’s politics can be best explained by another anecdote: in 1969, Benson gave a controversial speech at BYU, criticizing the government and international officials for being liberal. Shortly after, McKay authorized Brown to give a rebuttal speech.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In general, many Church leaders disagreed with Benson’s politics. In a letter to Senator Ralph Harding, the conservative Joseph Fielding Smith said, “I hope [Benson] will get all of the political notions out of his system.” McKay told Harding, “Several of us have had problems with Brother Benson over the Birch Society.” After McKay’s death, Benson’s political statements ceased. “McKay was succeeded by Joseph Fielding Smith and, subsequently, Harold B. Lee, both of whom had strongly objected to Benson’s political activities during McKay’s presidency,” wrote McKay’s biographers Prince and Wright.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The lesson of this story is that Elder Benson did not represent the views of the Church. Rather, many of the apostles disagreed with him much of the time. In a political discussion, quoting Benson’s views on politics and assuming the debate is over is misleading because there is an allowance for difference of opinion even among the Brethren. Despite statements by Benson, the Church has repeatedly expressed its position that members in good standing can be involved in either of America’s political parties. There is a difference between personal values and political pragmatism. The political views of the Brethren are certainly relevant, but because the Brethren have often disagreed, these political views should not be considered the final word—and they don’t exempt conservatives from needing to develop solid arguments for their views. Most importantly, using the apostle trump card to attack the character of political opponents is damaging and ignorant. Educated members of the church can and should base arguments on reason and facts instead of relying on the apostle trump card.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.feedburner.com/fb/a/emailFlare?itemTitle=The%20Apostle%20Trump%20Card%20%C2%AB%20Thinking%20in%20a%20Marrow%20Bone&#38;uri=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkinginamarrowbone.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F05%2F22%2Fthe-apostle-trump-card%2F" target="_blank">Email a friend</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Богинята на демокрацията]]></title>
<link>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=794</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 19:00:32 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Любомир Георгиев</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=794</guid>
<description><![CDATA[




На 12 юни 1987 Роналд Рейгън изрича пред гражданите на ]]></description>
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<p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:10px;color:black;">На 12 юни 1987 Роналд Рейгън изрича пред гражданите на Западен Берлин: „Господин Горбачов, разрушете тази стена!”. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:10px;color:black;">На същата дата през 2007 година, ден след посещението си в България, Джордж Буш изнася реч на откриването на <b>международния мемориал на жертвите на комунизма</b>. </p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:10px;color:black;">Паметникът е разположен в близост до Конгреса на САЩ във Вашингтон. Той е по модел на „<b>Богинята на демокрацията</b>”, статуя издигната от студентите, протестиращи на площад Тянанмън в Пекин през 1989 - протест завършил със стотици жертви, премазани от танковете на армията на Китайската комунистическа партия</p>
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<p>&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><b>Предлагаме на читателите  превод на словото на  президента на САЩ  Джордж Буш  при откриването на паметника във Вашингтон:</b></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Благодаря за поздравителните думи на д-р Ли Едуардс и на конгресмените Лантош и Рорбахер. Поздравлявам присъствието на депутати от парламентите на Чехия и Унгария, на посланици и други гости, и най-вече, на живи свидетели на комунистическия терор. За мен е чест да споделя  с вас този исторически случай, да бъда сред мъже и жени, чиято съпротива помогна да бъде разгромена една империя. В този дух и  от името на американския народ с гордост приемам този  Мемориал за Жертвите на Комунизма.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">20-ия век ще бъде запомнен като най-убийствения в човешката история. За жестокостите на този  век свидетелствуват редица паметници около нас. Но до този момент в столицата на Съединените Щати нямаше паметник в чест на жертвите на комунистическия империализъм, на една идеология която струва живота на близо 100 милиона невинни мъже, жени и деца по света. Затова е важно и уместно,  на това събрание  да почетем паметта на загиналите като жертви на комунизма, като приемем и официално открием този паметник, който ще увековечи спомена за техните страдания и жертви и тяхното място в историята и в съвестта на човечеството. – Той е издигнат благодарение на дългите усилия, амбицията и постоянството най-вече на двама видни американци:  Лев Добриянски, чиято дъщеря е между нас, и д-р Ли Едуардс. Те трябваше да преодолеят много трудности, но никога не се отказаха от целта си, защото в сърцата си чуваха повика на загиналите: ”Не ни забравяйте”.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Тези гласове зоват всички ни, и те са гласовете на необятно множество хора. Числото на избитите в името на комунизма е изумително, няма начин да бъде точно установено. Възможно най-достоверните преценки на учени говорят за десетки милиони хора в Китай и в Съветския съюз, и милиони други в Северна Корея, Камбоджа, Африка, Афганистан, Виетнам, Източна Европа и другаде по света. Тези цифри крият личните трагедии на милиони хора със свои семейства и  свои мечти, чийто живот е бил смазан в стремежа към тоталитарна власт. Между тях е шведският дипломат Раул Валенберг, който през 40-те години спаси сто хиляди евреи от нацистите, за да бъде арестуван по заповед на Сталин и затворен в Московската Любянка, от където изчезва без следа. Там е и полският свещеник отец Поплиушко, който през 80-те години в Варшава даде убежище на преследвани членове на Солидарност, заради което бе отвлечен, пребит и удавен в Висла от тайната полиция.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Покрай жертвите отбелязани в страниците на историята, следват  редиците на милиони хора анонимно и брутално избити от комунистическа ръка. Невинните украинци измрели поради причинения от Сталин голям глад,  руснаците убити при политически чистки, Литванците, Литовците и Естонците натоварени в конски вагони и отведени  във арктически лагери на смъртта, Китайците убити по време на Голямия Скок Напред или на Културната Революция, населенията в Камбоджия избивани по “смъртните полета” на Пол Пот, източно-германците застреляни при опит да прескочат Барлинската стена и избягат на свобода, поляците избити в Катинската гора, Етиопците жертви на “Червения терор” в Африка, индианците Макито убивани при диктатурата на сандинистите в  Никарагуа, Кубинците удавени при опити да избягат от тамошната диктатура . Няма никога да научим имената на всички загинали, но тук сега бе създадено свещено място, навеки посветено на незнайните жертви на комунизма и на тяхната памет.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Посвещаваме им този паметник защото дължим на мъртвите да зачетем живота им  и да чествуваме тяхната памет. Чехският писател Милан Кундера в една от книгите си описа борбата против комунизма като “борбата за паметта и против забравата”. Комунистическите режими не само отнимаха живота на жертвите си, те се стремяха да отнемат човешкото им достойнство и паметта за тях. С този паметник възстановяваме тяхното достойнство и тяхната памет. С него обявяваме, че като невинни и анонимни жертви на комунизма, тези хора са някога живели и никога няма да бъдат забравени.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Посвещаваме им този паметник защото дължим на идните поколения да отбелязваме престъпленията през 20-ия век и да осигурим те да не се повтарят. Това свещено място ни напомня големите поуки от Студената война: че свободата е велика ценност, която не идва от само себе си, че злото реално съществува и трябва да му се противопоставяме и че, когато имат възможност и са мотивира от радикални и  пропити с омраза идеологии, хора могат да извършват неописуеми жестокости и отнемат живота на милиони.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Важно е да напомним тези поуки, защото злото и омразата които доведоха гибелта на десетки милиони хора през 20-ия век продължават да съществуват по света. Ние видяхме тяхното лице на 11-и септември 2001 година. Както комунистите, така и терористите и екстремисти които нападнаха страната ни, бяха последователи на една убийствена идеология, която ненавижда свободата, потъпква всяко инакомислие, има амбиция за разширение и преследва тоталитарни цели. Както комунистите, така и новите ни противници вярват, че е позволено невинни хора да бъдат убивани в името на радикалните им виждания и цели. Както комунистите, и те осмиват свободните народи, твърдят че ние които се радваме на  свобода сме слаби и нямаме решителността да браним нашата свобода и начин на живот. И пак, както комунистите преди тях, последователите на войнствения радикален ислямизъм няма да спечелят. Ние ще останем твърди и верни на каузата на свободата и ще действаме тъй, че никой президент на Съединените щати вече да не участва в подобна церемония и открива паметник на милиони хора избити от екстремисти през 21-и век.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Можем да имаме доверие в мощта на свободата, защото сме я  виждали да надделява тиранията и терора.  Д-р Едуардс спомена, как президентът Рейган посети Берлин и са провикна “съборете тази стена!”  Две години по-късно стената падна и милиони хора в централна и източна Европа бяха освободени от грозно потисничество. Нека на днешното тържество потвърдим и нашата увереност в триумфа на свободата.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Тези които избраха формата на този паметник можеше, като символ на потисничество, да изобразят стената която разделяше Берлин или замразените бараки на Гулаг или покрито с черепи поле на смъртта в Камбоджа. Но те избраха образ на надежда –статуята на жена въздигаща пламъка на свободата, в памет на жертвите на комунизма – но и като символ  на силата която го срази. Както нашата статуя на свободата, тя ще ни напомня че нейният пламък гори в всяко човешко сърце и че бруталността на терористи и тирани не може да го задуши. Ще ни напомня също, че когато една идеология пожертвала десетки милиони хора, е въпреки това сразена, то е защото срещу нея стои една сила по-мощна от смъртта. Че свободата е дар на нашия Създател, че тя е притежание на всеки един човек и на цялото човечество и че затова победата ще бъде нейна.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Нека бъде вечна паметта на жертвите на комунизма, нека тези които още страдат под него да намерят своята свобода. И нека Бог който ни дари тази свобода, благослови този паметник и всички които ще дойдат да го посетят.</p>
<p><b><i>Джордж Буш,</i></b><br />
<i>Вашингтон, 12-ти юни 2007 г.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><i>Забележка:</i> преводът на речта е от Антон Чипев (Канада), началото е фрагмент от статията <i>Стъпка срещу злото</i> на Захари Петков. Още за <b>мемориала на жертвите на комунизма</b> - Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/">www.victimsofcommunism.org</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Решения от 12-то заседание на СОС (резюме)]]></title>
<link>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=836</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 17 May 2008 16:50:22 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Любомир Георгиев</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=836</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
12-то заседание на Столичен общински съвет 15.05.2008 г.
РЕШ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--more--></p>
<h3 style="text-align:center;"><a title="12-то заседание на Столичен общински съвет" href="http://mydsb.wordpress.com/debate/sofiacouncil-session-12-20080515/">12-то заседание<br /> на Столичен общински съвет<br /> 15.05.2008 г.</a></h3>
<h4>РЕШЕНИЯ</h4>
<p align="justify">12-тото заседание на СОС се проведе без участието на кмета на столицата, въпреки че въпросите които бяха разгледани изискваха неговото задължително участие. По тази причина не влезе в дневния ред предвиденото изслушване (задължително за всяка сесия) относно временното и трайно решаване на въпроса с третирането на битовите отпадъци, а Христо Ангеличин за втори път не получи официален отговор на своето питане за разходите за балиране, съхранение, транспортиране и депониране на отпадъци, които Столична община е извършила в последните години. Отложено бе и разглеждането на предложението на администрацията на кмета за предоставяне под наем за пет години на езерото в Южния парк и прилежаща на него територия.</p>
<p align="justify">СОС прие Оперативна работна програма на Столичния общински съвет за 2008 г. В хода на заседанието бе прието предложението на Вили Лилков да бъде разработена до края на годината и Наредба по чл. 196 от Закона за устройство на територията, която да регламентира реда, по който общината да извършва действия по ремонти, укрепване и премахване на опасни строежи, чиито собственици не полагат грижи за тяхното подържане.</p>
<p align="justify">СОС подкрепи доклада на председателя на общинския съвет Андрей Иванов и откри процедура за провеждане на конкурс за избор на Системен интегратор за професионално осигуряване на дейностите по изграждане и внедряване на съвременни информационни технологии на Столична община.</p>
<p align="justify">С решението си по т. 10 от дневния ред СОС осигури средства от СОПФ за реконструкция на административната сграда на район Панчарево за преминаване в режим на работа „на едно гише”. Така и последния район в София е ресурсно осигурен да влезе в системата на 24-те района за работа „на едно гише”. Предстои изграждане на единна връзка и система за обмен на информация между районите на столицата.</p>
<p align="justify">СОС взе решение със средства от Общинския приватизационен фонд да се изградят:</p>
<ul>
<li>образцов кабинет за изучаване на чужди езици в 32 СОУ „Св. Кл. Охридски”;</li>
<li>помощно игрище към стадиона в с. Бистрица;</li>
<li>зелени площи по бул. „Димитър Петков” на територията на район „Възраждане”.</li>
</ul>
<p align="justify">Прие се и решение със средства от общинския приватизационен фонд да бъде основно ремонтиран и покрива на поликлиниката в кв. Обеля.</p>
<p align="justify">Скандално протекоха дебатите и гласуването по т. 16 – относно провеждане на годишно общо събрание на акционерите на І САГБАЛ – „Св. София” АД, и по т. 17 – относно провеждане на годишно общо събрание на акционерите на ІV МБАЛ – София АД. С доклада общинските съветници от ГЕРБ предложиха и впоследствие гласуваха с подкрепата на съветниците от Атака и НДСВ назначения в бордовете на двете болници без конкурс в разрез с правилата на СОС и в разрез с обещанията за прозрачно управление, гарантирано от ГЕРБ. Това бе причина общинските съветници от ДСБ и СДС да напуснат залата и да не участват в гласуването. Общинските съветници от БСП останаха в залата, но не гласуваха.</p>
<p align="justify">СОС подкрепи предложението за осигуряване на 35 000 лв. за съфинансиране на Церемонията по връчване на наградите за театрално изкуство „Аскеер”.</p>
<p align="justify"><a href="http://mydsb.wordpress.com/2008/05/13/dsb2008051301/">Докладът</a> на Вили Лилков за поставяне на мемориална плоча в памет на убитите след 9 септември 1944 г. шестима възпитаници на II-ра Софийска мъжка гимназия – Петър Пейчев, Борислав Йорданов, Богдан Величков, Бойчо Балтов, Михаил Бояджиев, Пейчо Апостолов бе подкрепен от СОС, като единствено общинските съветници от БСП гласуваха против (по обясними причини).</p>
<p align="justify">Положително бе решението на СОС и за изграждането на Паметник на жертвите на комунистическите режими в света, по <a href="http://mydsb.wordpress.com/2008/05/14/dsb2008051402/">доклад</a> на Вили Лилков и Владимир Кисьов. СОС обаче не подкрепи идеята Столична община частично да финансира проекта. Решено бе средствата за целта да се осигурят изцяло от Инициативния комитет.</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Доклад: “Паметник на жертвите на комунистическите режими в света”]]></title>
<link>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=828</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 14 May 2008 09:16:06 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Любомир Георгиев</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mydsb.wordpress.com/?p=828</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
До г-н Андрей Иванов
Председател на СОС
УВАЖАЕМИ Г-Н ИВ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--more-->
<p align="right"><b>До г-н Андрей Иванов<br><br />
Председател на СОС</b></p>
<p align="justify"><b>УВАЖАЕМИ Г-Н ИВАНОВ,</b></p>
<p align="justify">На основание чл. 68, ал. 1 от Правилника за организацията и дейността на Столичния общински съвет и чл. 14, т. 2  от Наредбата за именуване и преименуване на общински обекти и за паметниците и другите възпоменателни знаци на територията на Столична община, приложено Ви предоставяме за разглеждане на заседание на СОС доклад относно:</p>
<p align="center"><b>"Изграждане на Паметник на жертвите<br />
на комунистическите  режими в света"</b></p>
<p>Вносители</p>
<p>Вили Лилков<br />
Владимир Кисьов</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<hr />
<p>&#160;</p>
<p align="right"><b>До г-н Андрей Иванов<br />
Председател на СОС</b></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<h2 align="center">ДОКЛАД</p>
<p>от <a title="Вили Лилков" href="http://mydsb.wordpress.com/p