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<channel>
	<title>2600 &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/2600/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "2600"</description>
	<pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2008 20:59:17 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

<item>
<title><![CDATA[تنزيل ثيمات - ثيمات نوكيا]]></title>
<link>http://onlinesoftware.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d9%88%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a7/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2008 21:41:45 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>onlinesoftware</dc:creator>
<guid>http://onlinesoftware.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%86%d9%88%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a7/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[تنزيل ثيمات
]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><a href="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-4611985220955716&#38;dt=1224710835812&#38;lmt=1224710835&#38;output=html&#38;slotname=9196794269&#38;correlator=1224710835796&#38;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softonlinesoft.com%2Fvb%2F&#38;ea=0&#38;ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softonlinesoft.com%2Fvb%2Fshowthread-t_700.html&#38;frm=0&#38;ga_vid=692180717.1173555236&#38;ga_sid=1224709028&#38;ga_hid=158018005&#38;ga_fc=true&#38;flash=9.0.124.0&#38;u_h=800&#38;u_w=1280&#38;u_ah=770&#38;u_aw=1280&#38;u_cd=32&#38;u_tz=180&#38;u_his=6&#38;u_java=true&#38;format=fp_al_lp&#38;kw_type=radlink&#38;prev_fmts=728x15_0ads_al&#38;rt=ChBJAO1eAA2E7QoaEAUHa0pYEhXYqtmG2LLZitmEINir2YrZhdin2KoaCCvRBr__ZI0bKAFSEwiV-vOvpr6WAhUPeRoKHd4FhkU&#38;hl=ar&#38;kw0=%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA&#38;kw1=%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7&#38;kw2=%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8&#38;kw3=%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1&#38;okw=%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA">تنزيل ثيمات</a></strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[$2,600 - 2br of Sunshine (Lormier L,G)]]></title>
<link>http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/2008/10/22/2600-2br-of-sunshine-lormier-lg/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2008 18:23:02 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>twistedlister</dc:creator>
<guid>http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/2008/10/22/2600-2br-of-sunshine-lormier-lg/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Leeeet the sunshine in!
Corner 2br in the Berg&#8230; GO!

- Lush living room with windows all over ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Leeeet the sunshine in!</p>
<p>Corner 2br in the Berg&#8230; GO!</p>
<p><a href="http://twistedlister.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leonard_living.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-268" title="leonard_living" src="http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leonard_living.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="375" /></a></p>
<p>- Lush living room with windows all over the freakin&#8217; place.</p>
<p><a href="http://twistedlister.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leonard_kitchen.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-269" title="leonard_kitchen" src="http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leonard_kitchen.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="666" /></a></p>
<p>- Well equipped kitchen and hey, a dishwasher!</p>
<p><a href="http://twistedlister.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leonard_bedroom.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-270" title="leonard_bedroom" src="http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leonard_bedroom.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="666" /></a></p>
<p>- Plenty &#8216;o room for a queen sized bed and whatever other bedroom furniture you can usurp.</p>
<p><a href="http://twistedlister.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leonard_bathroom.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-271" title="leonard_bathroom" src="http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leonard_bathroom.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="666" /></a></p>
<p>- There&#8217;s a tub in there too&#8230; kinda like having your own private spa.</p>
<p><a href="http://twistedlister.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leonard_library.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-272" title="leonard_library" src="http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leonard_library.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="375" /></a></p>
<p>- Uhh&#8230; words?  That&#8217;s right, Beavis.  This place is diagonally across from the Brooklyn Public Library so you can rent all the VHS tapes you can stand!</p>
<p><a href="http://twistedlister.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/leonard_exterior.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-273" title="leonard_exterior" src="http://twistedlister.wordpress.com/files/2008/10/leonard_exterior.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="666" /></a></p>
<p>- I swear that bullshit tag on the exterior wasn&#8217;t there the night before I took this picture.  Seriously, whoever thought that was cool when they did it needs a good caning.</p>
<p>- Private roof deck too people&#8230; didn&#8217;t get a pic but it&#8217;s up there.</p>
<p>- 2 blocks from the Lorimer L, G and 1 block from any restaurant, retail, or specialty food store you could ever want.</p>
<p>- Available November 1st, 2008.</p>
<p>Map <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&#38;hl=en&#38;geocode=&#38;q=Leonard+St.+and+Devoe+St.,+Brooklyn,+NY&#38;sll=40.714558,-73.94758&#38;sspn=0.00766,0.018969&#38;g=Leonard+St.+and+Devoe+St.,+Brooklyn,+NY&#38;ie=UTF8&#38;ll=40.714249,-73.947601&#38;spn=0.00766,0.018969&#38;z=16&#38;iwloc=addr" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<p>Comment if you wanna get in there&#8230; oh, and just for fun, have a gander at my latest &#8220;Poll.&#8221;</p>
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="http://s3.polldaddy.com/p/1030423.js"></script><noscript> <a href="http://answers.polldaddy.com/poll/1030423/">View Poll</a></noscript>
</div>]]></content:encoded>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[ أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎ Ricoا]]></title>
<link>http://walkndude.wordpress.com/2008/10/17/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%86%e2%80%8e-rico%d8%a7/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 2008 07:41:51 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>walkndude</dc:creator>
<guid>http://walkndude.wordpress.com/2008/10/17/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%86%e2%80%8e-rico%d8%a7/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[September 17, 2008
أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لاد
Filed under:  2008, 2600, 911, E]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h2>September 17, 2008</h2>
<h3 class="storytitle"><a rel="bookmark" href="../2008/09/17/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af/">أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لاد</a></h3>
<div class="meta">Filed under:  <a title="View all posts in 2008" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/2008/">2008</a>, <a title="View all posts in 2600" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/2600/">2600</a>, <a title="View all posts in 911" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/911/">911</a>, <a title="View all posts in Election" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/election/">Election</a>, <a title="View all posts in Politics" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/politics/">Politics</a>, <a title="View all posts in WalKnDude" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/walkndude/">WalKnDude</a>, <a title="View all posts in afganistanwar.com" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/afganistanwarcom/">afganistanwar.com</a>, <a title="View all posts in free" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/free/">free</a>, <a title="View all posts in internet" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/internet/">internet</a>, <a title="View all posts in media" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/media/">media</a>, <a title="View all posts in news" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/news/">news</a>, <a title="View all posts in press" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/press/">press</a>, <a title="View all posts in reform" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/reform/">reform</a>, <a title="View all posts in أسامة بن ممد بن عوض بن لاد" rel="category tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af/">أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لاد</a> — walkndude @ 9:43 am <a title="Edit post" href="post.php?action=edit&#38;post=1176">Edit This</a><br />
Tags: <a rel="tag" href="http://wordpress.com/tag/osama-bin-laden-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af/">Osama bin Laden أسامة بن محمد بن عوض ب</a></div>
<p>http://www.planetnetopia.com/forum/posts/id_88/title_/</p>
<p>Leading the world to Freedom</p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p>أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>(English Osama bin Laden)</strong><br />
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<p><span class="unicode"><strong> <span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/lCrxOk8tWtI&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1' /><param name='allowfullscreen' value='true' /><param name='wmode' value='transparent' /><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/lCrxOk8tWtI&#038;rel=1&#038;fs=1' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' allowfullscreen='true' width='425' height='350' wmode='transparent'></embed></object></span></strong></span></p>
<p><span class="unicode">Usāmah bin Mu</span><span class="unicode"><span style="font-family:&#34;">ḥ</span>ammad bin `Awa</span><span class="unicode"><span style="font-family:&#34;">ḍ</span> </span><a title="Bin Laden family" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family"><strong>bin Lādin</strong></a> (<a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎; born <a title="March 10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_10">10 March</a> <a title="1957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957">1957</a>), most often identified as <strong>Osama bin Laden</strong> or <strong>Usama bin Laden</strong>, is the founder of the <a title="Jihadist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist">jihadist</a> organization <a title="Al-Qaeda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>. He has been designated a <a title="Terrorist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist">terrorist</a> by scholars, journalists, analysts and law enforcement agencies.<sup> </sup>In conjunction with several other <a title="Militant Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_Islam">Islamic militant</a> leaders, bin Laden issued two <a title="Fatwa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa">fatwa</a> in 1996 and then again in 1998 that <a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim">Muslims</a> should force the <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> and its allies to withdraw their military forces from the <a title="Arabian peninsula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>, by attacking American military and civilian targets.</p>
<p>He has been <a title="Indictment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment">indicted</a> in <a title="United States federal court" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_court">United States federal court</a> for his alleged involvement in the <a title="1998 U.S. embassy bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_U.S._embassy_bombings">1998 U.S. embassy bombings</a> in <a title="Dar es Salaam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a title="Tanzania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a title="Nairobi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a title="Kenya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya">Kenya</a>, and is on the US <a title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>&#8217;s <a title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives">Ten Most Wanted Fugitives</a> list.</p>
<p>Although bin Laden has not been indicted for the <a title="September 11, 2001 attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, he has been reported to have orally claimed responsibility for them, in the <a title="Times of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India"><em>Times of India</em></a><sup> </sup><span> </span>and in videos released to the public. The attacks involved the hijacking of <a title="United Airlines Flight 93" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93">United Airlines Flight 93</a>, <a title="United Airlines Flight 175" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175">United Airlines Flight 175</a>, <a title="American Airlines Flight 11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11">American Airlines Flight 11</a>, and <a title="American Airlines Flight 77" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77">American Airlines Flight 77</a>; the subsequent destruction of those planes and the <a title="World Trade Center" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center">World Trade Center</a> in <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>, <a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a>; severe damage to <a title="The Pentagon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> in <a title="Arlington, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>;<sup> </sup>and the deaths of 2,974 people.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Place of birth <a title="Riyadh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Battles/wars <a title="Soviet war in Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan">Afghan Jihad</a>, <a title="War on Terrorism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a></p>
<p>Because there is no universally accepted standard in the West for <a title="Transliteration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration">transliterating</a> Arabic words and names into English, bin Laden&#8217;s name is transliterated in many ways. The version often used by most <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English-language</a> <a title="Mass media" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media">mass media</a> is <em>Osama bin Laden</em>. Most American government agencies, including the FBI and <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">CIA</a>, use either Usama bin Laden or <strong>Usama bin Ladin</strong>, both of which are often abbreviated to <em>UBL</em>. Less common renderings include <strong>Ussamah Bin Ladin</strong> and <strong>Oussama Ben Laden</strong> (<a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French-language</a> mass media). The latter part of the name can also be found as <strong>Binladen</strong> or <strong>Binladin</strong>.</p>
<p>Strictly speaking, Arabic <a title="Linguistic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic">linguistic</a> conventions dictate that he be referred to as &#8220;Osama&#8221; or &#8220;Osama bin Laden&#8221;, not &#8220;bin Laden,&#8221; as &#8220;Bin Laden&#8221; is not used as a surname in the <a title="Western world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world">Western</a> manner, but simply as part of his name, which in its entirety means &#8220;Osama, son of Mohammed, son of &#8216;Awad, son of Laden&#8221;. However, the bin Laden family (or &#8220;Binladin&#8221;, as they prefer to be known) <em>do</em> generally use the name as a surname in the Western style. Consequently &#8220;bin Laden&#8221; has become nearly universal in Western references to him, Arabic convention notwithstanding.</p>
<p>Bin Laden also has several commonly used <a title="Pseudonym" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym">aliases</a> and <a title="Nickname" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname">nicknames</a>, including <strong>the Prince</strong>, <strong>the </strong><a title="Sheikh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"><strong>Sheikh</strong></a>, <strong>Al-Amir</strong>, <strong>Abu Abdallah</strong>, <strong>Sheikh Al-Mujahid</strong>, the <strong>Lion Sheik</strong>, <strong>the Director</strong>, <strong>Imam Mehdi</strong> and <strong>Samaritan</strong>.</p>
<p>Osama bin Laden was born in <a title="Riyadh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. In a <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a> interview, he gave his birth date as 10 March <a title="1957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957">1957</a>. His father <a title="Mohammed bin Laden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Laden">Muhammed Awad bin Laden</a> was a wealthy businessman with close ties to the <a title="Saudi royal family" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_royal_family">Saudi royal family</a>. Osama bin Laden was born the only son of Muhammed bin Laden&#8217;s tenth wife, <a title="Hamida al-Attas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas">Hamida al-Attas</a>. Osama&#8217;s parents divorced soon after he was born, according to Khaled M. Batarfi. Osama&#8217;s mother then married Muhammad al-Attas. The couple had four children, and Osama lived in the new household with three stepbrothers and one stepsister.</p>
<p>Bin Laden was raised as a devout <a title="Sunni Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>. From 1968 to 1976 he attended the &#8220;élite&#8221; secular <a title="Al-Thager Model School" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Thager_Model_School">Al-Thager Model School</a>. Bin Laden studied <a title="Economics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics">economics</a> and <a title="Business administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration">business administration</a> at <a title="King Abdulaziz University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University">King Abdulaziz University</a>. Some reports suggest bin Laden earned a <a title="Academic degree" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree">degree</a> in <a title="Civil engineering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering">civil engineering</a> in 1979, or a degree in <a title="Public administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration">public administration</a> in 1981. <span> </span>Other sources describe him as having left university during his third year, never completing a college degree, though &#8220;hard working.&#8221; <span> </span>At university, bin Laden&#8217;s main interest was religion, where he was involved in both &#8220;interpreting the <a title="Quran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran">Quran</a> and <a title="Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad">jihad</a>&#8221; and charitable work.</p>
<p>In 1974, at the age of seventeen, bin Laden married his first wife <a title="Najwa Ghanem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najwa_Ghanem">Najwa Ghanem</a> at <a title="Latakia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia">Latakia</a>. Laden is reported to have married four other women<sup> </sup>and <a title="Divorce" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce">divorced</a> two, Ali bin Laden and Abdullah. He has fathered anywhere from 12 to 24 children.</p>
<p>Bin Laden believes that the restoration of <a title="Sharia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia">Sharia</a> law will set things right in the Muslim world, and that all other ideologies—&#8221;<a title="Pan-Arabism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, <a title="Socialism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism">socialism</a>, <a title="Communism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism">communism</a>, <a title="Democracy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democracy</a>&#8220;—must be opposed. He believes Afghanistan under the rule of <a title="Mohammed Omar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar">Mullah Omar</a>&#8217;s <a title="Taliban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a> was &#8220;the only Islamic country&#8221; in the Muslim world. Bin Laden has consistently dwelt on the need for jihad to right what he believes are injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states, the need to eliminate the state of <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>, and the necessity of forcing the US to withdraw from the <a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East">Middle East</a>. He has also called on Americans to &#8220;reject the immoral acts of <a title="Fornication" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornication">fornication</a> (and) <a title="Homosexuality" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a title="Intoxicant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicant">intoxicants</a>, <a title="Gambling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling">gambling</a>, and <a title="Usury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury">usury</a>,&#8221; in an October 2002 letter.</p>
<p>Probably the most controversial part of Bin Laden&#8217;s ideology is that <a title="Civilians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilians">civilians</a>, including women and children, can be killed in jihad. <a title="Shia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia">Shia</a> have been listed along with &#8220;Heretics, &#8230; America and Israel,&#8221; as the four principal &#8220;enemies of Islam&#8221; at ideology classes of bin Laden&#8217;s <a title="Al-Qaeda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> organization.</p>
<p>As a <a title="Wahhabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a>, bin Laden opposes <a title="Music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music">music</a> on religious grounds, and his attitude towards <a title="Technology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology">technology</a> is mixed. He is interested in &#8220;earth-moving <a title="Machinery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery">machinery</a> and <a title="Genetic engineering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering">genetic engineering</a> of <a title="Plant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant">plants</a>&#8220;, on the one hand, but rejects &#8220;chilled <a title="Water" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water">water</a>&#8221; on the other.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&#34;">Mujahideen in Afghanistan</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">After leaving college in 1979 bin Laden joined </span><a title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Abdullah Azzam</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> to fight the </span><a title="Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Afghanistan"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan</span></a><sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">and lived for a time in </span><a title="Peshawar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Peshawar</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. By 1984, with Azzam, bin Laden established </span><a title="Maktab al-Khadamat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktab_al-Khadamat"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Maktab al-Khadamat</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, which funneled money, arms and </span><a title="Afghan arabs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_arabs"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Muslim fighters</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> from around the Arabic world into the Afghan war. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden&#8217;s inherited family fortune<sup> </sup>paid for air tickets and accommodation, dealt with paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihad fighters. During this time bin Laden met his future al-Qaeda collaborator </span><a title="Ayman al-Zawahiri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Ayman al-Zawahiri</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, who encouraged Osama to split away from Abdullah Azzam. Osama established a camp in Afghanistan, and with other volunteers fought the </span><a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Soviets</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><a name="Formation_and_structuring_of_Al-Qaeda"></a><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&#34;">Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">By 1988, bin Laden had split from </span><a title="Maktab al-Khidamat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamat"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Maktab al-Khidamat</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">; while Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main leading points to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was the insistence of Azzam that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming their separate fighting force. Bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad, who along with his Arab legion, &#8220;had brought down the mighty superpower&#8221; of the Soviet Union. However, during this time </span><a title="Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Iraq</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> invaded </span><a title="Kuwait" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Kuwait</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> and Laden met the </span><a title="Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan,_Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Crown Prince Sultan</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> of Saudi Arabia, and told him not to depend on non-Muslim troops and offered to help defend Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden was rebuffed and publicly denounced Saudi Arabia&#8217;s dependence on the US military. Bin Laden&#8217;s criticism of the </span><a title="Saudi monarchy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_monarchy"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Saudi monarchy</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> led that </span><a title="Government of Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">government</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> to attempt to silence him.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Bin Laden moved to </span><a title="Sudan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Sudan</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in 1992 and established a new base for Mujahideen operations in </span><a title="Khartoum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Khartoum</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. Due to bin Laden&#8217;s continuous verbal assault on Saudi </span><a title="King Fahd" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">King Fahd</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, on 5 March 1994 Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Laden&#8217;s passport. His family was persuaded to cut off his monthly stipend, the equivalent of </span><a title="$" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">$</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">7 million a year. By now bin Laden was strongly associated with </span><a title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ </span><a title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad#Mubarak_assassination_attempt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">attempted to assassinate</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> Egyptian President </span><a title="Hosni Mubarak" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Hosni Mubarak</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. The attempt failed and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In May 1996, under increasing pressure from Saudi Arabia, </span><a title="Egypt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Egypt</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> and the United States on Sudan, bin Laden returned to Afghanistan and forged a close relationship with Mullah </span><a title="Mohammed Omar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mohammed Omar</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. In Afghanistan, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda raised money from &#8220;donors from the days of the Soviet jihad&#8221;, and from </span><a title="Inter-Services Intelligence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Inter-Services Intelligence</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (ISI). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><a name="Early_attacks_and_aid_for_attacks"></a><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&#34;">Early attacks and aid for attacks</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">It is believed that the first </span><a title="Bombing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">bombing</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> attack involving bin Laden was the 29 December 1992 bombing of the </span><a title="Gold Mihor Hotel (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Mihor_Hotel&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Gold Mihor Hotel</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in </span><a title="Aden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Aden</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in which two people were killed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by </span><a title="Mamdouh Mahmud Salim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamdouh_Mahmud_Salim"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to </span><a title="Paradise" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Paradise</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> if they were good Muslims and to </span><a title="Hell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">hell</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> if they were bad or non-believers. The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In the 1990s bin Laden&#8217;s al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in </span><a title="Algeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Algeria</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, </span><a title="Qari el-Said (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qari_el-Said&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Qari el-Said</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded but the </span><a title="Algerian Civil War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War#Massacres_and_reconciliation"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">war</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> that followed killed 150,000-200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist surrender to the government. Another unsuccessful effort by bin Laden was funding of the </span><a title="November 1997 Luxor massacre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1997_Luxor_massacre"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Luxor massacre of November 17 1997</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, which killed sixty two civilians, but revolted the Egyptian public and turned it against Islamist terror. In mid-1997, the </span><a title="Northern Alliance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Northern Alliance</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> threatened to overrun </span><a title="Jalalabad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Jalalabad</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, causing Bin Laden to abandon his </span><a title="Nazim Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazim_Jihad"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Nazim Jihad</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> compound and move his operations to </span><a title="Kandahar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Kandahar</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in the south.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">A later effort that did succeed was an attack on the city of </span><a title="Mazar-e-Sharif" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Sharif"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mazar-e-Sharif</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with his hosts the Taliban by sending several hundred of his Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand people </span><a title="Taliban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban#Ethnic_massacres_and_persecution"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">overrunning</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> the city.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In 1998, Osama bin Laden and </span><a title="Ayman al-Zawahiri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Ayman al-Zawahiri</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> co-signed a <em>fatwa</em> in the name of the </span><a title="World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Islamic_Front_for_Jihad_Against_Jews_and_Crusaders"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> which declared the killing of the North Americans and their allies an &#8220;individual duty for every Muslim&#8221; to &#8220;liberate the </span><a title="Al-Aqsa Mosque" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">al-Aqsa Mosque</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (in </span><a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Jerusalem</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">) and the holy </span><a title="Mosque" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">mosque</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (in </span><a title="Mecca" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mecca</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">) from their grip&#8221;.<sup> </sup>At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that North Americans are &#8220;very easy targets.&#8221; He told the attending </span><a title="Journalist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">journalists</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, &#8220;You will see the results of this in a very short time.&#8221;<span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sup><span style="color:blue;">[</span></sup></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In response to the </span><a title="1998 United States embassy bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">1998 United States embassy bombings</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> following the fatwa, </span><a title="Bill Clinton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Bill Clinton</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> ordered a freeze on assets that could be linked to bin Laden and signed an </span><a title="Executive order (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">executive order</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> authorizing Laden&#8217;s arrest or </span><a title="Assassination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">assassination</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">.</span></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline">September 11, 2001 attacks</span></h3>
<p>The <a title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> has stated that evidence linking Al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and irrefutable. The <a title="Her Majesty's Government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government">Government of the United Kingdom</a> reached the same conclusion regarding Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden&#8217;s culpability for the September 11, 2001, attacks. Bin Laden denied involvement in the <a title="September 11, 2001 attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>. On <a title="September 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16">16 September</a> <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by <a title="Qatar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar">Qatar</a>&#8217;s <a title="Al Jazeera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack.</p>
<p>In a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in <a title="Jalalabad, Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad,_Afghanistan">Jalalabad</a>, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with <a title="Khaled al-Harbi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_al-Harbi">Khaled al-Harbi</a> in a way indicating foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on <a title="December 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13">13 December</a> <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>. Some have disputed this translation however. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: &#8220;This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic.&#8221;</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Criminal charges and attempted extradition</span></h2>
<p>The <a title="9/11 Commission Report" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> concludes, &#8220;In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel bin Ladin to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. US officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted bin Ladin expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also bin Ladin may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, or both. On <a title="May 19" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19">19 May</a> <a title="1996" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996">1996</a>, bin Ladin left Sudan—significantly weakened, despite his ambitions and organizational skills. He returned to Afghanistan.&#8221; The 9/11 Commission Report further states &#8220;In late 1995, when Bin Ladin was still in Sudan, the State Department and the <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Ladin. US Ambassador Timothy Carney encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Ladin, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship. Sudan’s minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Ladin over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Ladin. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding.&#8221;</p>
<p>On <a title="March 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16">16 March</a> <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a>, <a title="Libya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya">Libya</a> issued the first official international <a title="Interpol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol">Interpol</a> <a title="Arrest warrant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant">arrest warrant</a> against Bin Laden and three other people for killing two <a title="Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">German</a> citizens in Libya on <a title="March 10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_10">10 March</a> <a title="1994" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994">1994</a>, one of which is thought to have been a German <a title="Counter-intelligence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> officer. Bin Laden is still wanted by the <a title="Libyan government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_government">Libyan government</a>.</p>
<p>On <a title="June 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_8">8 June</a> <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a>, a <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> <a title="Grand jury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury">grand jury</a> indicted Osama bin Laden on charges of killing five Americans and two <a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">Indians</a> in the <a title="November 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_13">13 November</a> <a title="1995" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995">1995</a>, truck bombing of a US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh.<span> </span>Bin Laden was charged with &#8220;conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States&#8221; and prosecutors further charged that bin Laden is the head of the &#8220;terrorist&#8221; organization called al Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic fighters worldwide. Bin Laden denied involvement but praised the attack.</p>
<p>On <a title="November 4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_4">4 November</a> <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a>, Osama bin Laden was indicted by a Federal <a title="Grand Jury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Jury">Grand Jury</a> in the <a title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>, on charges of Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death<sup> </sup>for his alleged role in the <a title="1998 United States embassy bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a> in Kenya and Tanzania.</p>
<p>The evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former Al Qaeda members and satellite phone records.</p>
<p>On <a title="June 7" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_7">7 June</a> <a title="1999" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999">1999</a>, bin Laden became the <a title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives,_1990s">456th person listed</a> on the US <a title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>&#8217;s <a title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives">Ten Most Wanted Fugitives</a> list, following his indictment along with others for <a title="Capital punishment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment">capital crimes</a> in the 1998 embassy attacks.</p>
<p>Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the <a title="Taliban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a> of Afghanistan were met with failure prior to the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001. In 1999, US President <a title="Bill Clinton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> convinced the <a title="United Nations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations">United Nations</a> to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.</p>
<p>Years later, on <a title="October 10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_10">10 October</a> <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the FBI&#8217;s top 22 <a title="FBI Most Wanted Terrorists" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists">Most Wanted Terrorists</a>, which was released to the public by the <a title="President of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of the United States</a> <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>, in direct response to the attacks of 9/11, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.</p>
<p>After the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001, the Taliban did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third party country in return for the US ending the bombing along with evidence that Osama bin Laden was involved in the 9/11 attacks. This offer was rejected by George W Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable with Bush responding that &#8220;There&#8217;s no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he&#8217;s guilty.&#8221;</p>
<h2><a name="Attempted_capture_by_the_United_States"></a><span class="mw-headline">Attempted capture by the United States</span></h2>
<p>According to <a title="The Washington Post" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"><em>The Washington Post</em></a>, the US government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the <a title="Battle of Tora Bora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora">Battle of Tora Bora</a>, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the US to commit US ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the US in the war against al Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan&#8217;s mountainous eastern border.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post</em> also reported that the <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">CIA</a> unit dedicated to capturing Osama was shut down in late 2005.</p>
<p>US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in <a title="Tora Bora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora_Bora">Tora Bora</a> between <a title="August 14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14">14 August</a> and <a title="August 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16">16 August</a> <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a <a title="Ramadan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan">pre-Ramadan</a> meeting held by al Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or <a title="Ayman al Zawahiri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al_Zawahiri">Ayman al Zawahiri</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Bounty</strong>: Immediately after the 9/11 attacks, <a title="Federal government of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">US government</a> officials named bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda organization as the prime <a title="Suspect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspect">suspects</a> and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death. On <a title="July 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_13">13 July</a> <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>, this figure was doubled to $50 million.</p>
<p>The <a title="Airline Pilots Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_Pilots_Association">Airline Pilots Association</a> and the <a title="Air Transport Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Association">Air Transport Association</a> are offering an additional $2 million reward.</p>
<h2><a name="Current_whereabouts"></a><span class="mw-headline">Current whereabouts</span></h2>
<p>Claims as to the location of Osama bin Laden have been made since December 2001, although none have been definitively proven and some have placed Osama in different locations during overlapping time periods.</p>
<p>An <a title="December 11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_11">11 December</a> <a title="2005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005">2005</a>, letter from <a title="Atiyah Abd al-Rahman" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah_Abd_al-Rahman">Atiyah Abd al-Rahman</a> to <a title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> indicates that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the <a title="Waziristan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan">Waziristan</a> region of <a title="Pakistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military&#8217;s Combating Terrorism Center at <a title="West Point" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point">West Point</a>, &#8220;Atiyah&#8221; instructs Zarqawi to &#8220;send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership … I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them…&#8221; Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are &#8220;weak&#8221; and &#8220;have many of their own problems.&#8221; The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to <em>the Washington Post</em>.</p>
<h2><a name="Reports_of_his_death"></a><span class="mw-headline">Reports of his death</span></h2>
<p><strong>April 2005</strong>: The <a title="Sydney Morning Herald" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald"><em>Sydney Morning Herald</em></a> stated &#8220;Dr Clive Williams, director of terrorism studies at the <a title="Australian National University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University">Australian National University</a>, says documents provided by an Indian colleague suggested bin Laden died of massive organ failure in April last year … &#8216;It&#8217;s hard to prove or disprove these things because there hasn&#8217;t really been anything that allows you to make a judgment one way or the other&#8217;, Dr. Williams said.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>August 2006</strong>: On <a title="September 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_23">23 September</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>, the French newspaper <a title="L'Est Républicain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Est_R%C3%A9publicain"><em>L&#8217;Est Républicain</em></a> quoted a report from the French secret service (<a title="Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_ext%C3%A9rieure">DGSE</a>) stating that Osama bin Laden had died in Pakistan on <a title="August 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_23">23 August</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>, after contracting a case of <a title="Typhoid fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever">typhoid fever</a> that paralyzed his lower limbs. According to the newspaper, Saudi security services first heard of bin Laden&#8217;s alleged death on <a title="September 4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4">4 September</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>. The alleged death was reported by the <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> secret service to its government, which reported it to the French secret service. The French defense minister <a title="Michèle Alliot-Marie" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a> expressed her regret that the report had been published while <a title="President of the French Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic">French President</a> <a title="Jacques Chirac" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> declared that bin Laden&#8217;s death had not been confirmed. <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">American</a> authorities also cannot confirm reports of bin Laden&#8217;s death, with <a title="United States Secretary of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> <a title="Condoleezza Rice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> saying only, &#8220;No comment, and no knowledge.&#8221; Later, CNN&#8217;s Nic Robertson said that he had received confirmation from an anonymous Saudi source that the Saudi intelligence community has known for a while that bin Laden has a <a title="Water-borne illness" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-borne_illness">water-borne illness</a>, but that he had heard no reports that it was specifically typhoid or that he had died.</p>
<p><strong>November 2007</strong>: In an interview with political interviewer <a title="David Frost" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost">David Frost</a>, taken on <a title="November 2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2">November 2</a>, <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>, the <a title="Pakistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistani</a> politician, and <a title="Pakistan Peoples Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> chairwoman, <a title="Benazir Bhutto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, claimed that bin Laden had been murdered by <a title="Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Omar_Saeed_Sheikh">Omar Sheikh</a>. During her answer to a question pertaining to the identities of those who had previously attempted her own assassination, Bhutto named Sheikh as a possible suspect while referring to him as &#8220;the man who murdered Osama bin Laden.&#8221; Despite the weight of such a statement, neither Bhutto nor Frost attempted to clarify it during the remainder of the interview. Omar Chatriwala, a journalist for Al Jazeera English, claims that he chose not to pursue the story at the time because he believes Bhutto misspoke, meaning to say Sheikh murdered <a title="Daniel Pearl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pearl">Daniel Pearl</a> and not Osama Bin Laden.<sup> </sup>The <a title="BBC" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC">BBC</a> drew criticism when it rebroadcast the Frost/Bhutto interview on its website, but edited out Bhutto&#8217;s statement regarding Osama Bin Laden. Later the BBC apologized and replaced the edited version with the complete interview. Bhutto&#8217;s statement regarding Bin Laden conflicts with an earlier statement in October 2007, where Bhutto stated in an interview that she would cooperate with the American military in targeting Osama bin Laden.</p>
<h2><a name="Criticism"></a><span class="mw-headline">Criticism</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&#34;">Among <a title="Salafism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism">Salafist</a> Muslims who have criticized bin Laden for adherence to <a title="Qutbism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbism">Qutbism</a> (the ideology of <a title="Sayyid Qutb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>), <a title="Takfir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir">takfir</a> and <a title="Kharijites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites">Khaarijite</a> deviance, are said to include Muhammad Ibn Haadee al-Madkhalee, <a title="Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Abd-Allah_ibn_Baaz">Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz</a>, Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan and <a title="Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi'ee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Haadi_al-Waadi%27ee">Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi&#8217;ee</a>.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Nerdmedia goes Retro!]]></title>
<link>http://nerdmedia.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/nerdmedia-goes-retro/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 04 Oct 2008 03:45:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>nerdmedia</dc:creator>
<guid>http://nerdmedia.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/nerdmedia-goes-retro/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hui, klingt ja riesig. Fast so, als würde es Nerdmedia schon seit Jahren als Reviewer von aktuellen]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>Hui, klingt ja riesig. Fast so, als würde es Nerdmedia schon seit Jahren als Reviewer von aktuellen Games geben oder so. Naja&#8230; lasst mir die Illusion!</p>
<p>Whatever&#8230;<br />
Trotz der Tatsache, dass ich meine ersten Schritte als Gamer erst zu Zeiten des Gameboys und des Nintendo Entertainment Systems gemacht hab und nie eine Pre-8Bit oder Pre-Videogame Crash Konsole besessen habe, war ich eigentlich schon immer an den Wurzeln meines allergrößten Hobbies, und zwar Games, interessiert.<br />
Auf dem Gameboy Color und vor allem später auf der Playstation hab ich schon einige Stunden vor Atari Collections gehockt und Klassiker wie Asteroids, Pac-Man und Breakout gezockt:<br />
Trotzdem war ich bisher IMMER zu geizig, mir eine Retro Konsole und somit das ungetrübte Retro-Spielgefühl in&#8217;s Haus zu holen.<br />
Doch das ist jetzt vorbei! Nerdmedia goes Retro!</p>
<p>Mein Review zu <em>Activision Hits Remixed</em> für die PSP hat das Fass zum Überlaufen gebracht und ich habe mich nun dafür entschieden, mich nach einer Atari Konsole umzuschauen. Höchstwahrscheinlich werd ich mir im Laufe der nächsten 2 Wochen endlich ein Atari 7800 zulegen, auf dem ja bekanntlich auch die ganz alten Schätze vom Atari 2600 laufen.<br />
Das ist aber noch nicht alles.<br />
Je nachdem, wie es mein, eigentlich fast immer leerer Geldbeutel erlaubt, werde ich mir nun nach und nach eine kleine Sammlung aufbauen.<br />
Neben der Atari Konsole liegt mein Fokus im Moment auf Sega Konsolen. Auch auf dem Master System und dem Mega Drive, welche sicherlich Erinnerungen wachrufen werden, da ich beide Konsolen, als ich klein war, besessen hab (sind nur leider ziemlich schnell kaputt gegangen. Ganz im Gegensatz zum NES und SNES, welche bis auf Wackelkontakte im Kabel auch heute noch funktionieren).</p>
<p>Interessierte können sich also auf viele Retro Reviews freuen.</p>
<p>Vielleicht sogar in Zukunft in Videoform, falls sich mir Video und Audiocapture Möglichkeiten auftun (ich denke mal, ich brauch&#8217; ne TV-Karte und ggf. &#8216;ne Kamera.</p>
<p>Hilfe, zum Beispiel in Form von Ratschlägen von Leuten, die mehr Ahnung davon haben, als ich, würde ich sehr schätzen).</p>
<p><em><br />
Falls jemand Retro Systeme oder Spiele hat, die er loswerden will, kann er sich gern bei mir melden.<br />
Zwar kann ich nicht allzuviel zahlen, aber vielleicht gibt es ja irgendwen, der etwas für einen Guten Zweck (das Wachstum von Nerdmedia \o/. Wer spendet denn schon für arme Kinder in Afrika oder Frauenhäuser, wenn er Nerdmedia behilflich sein kann? NERDMEDIA! WHOO! xO) tun will oder einfach keine Lust hat, sie bei Ebay reinzustellen, auch wenn er da vielleicht ein klein wenig mehr dafür bekommen könnte.</em></p>
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<title><![CDATA[TubeReject.com TREASURY DEPARTMENT SECRETS - WHAT THEY DON'T WANT YOU TO SEE!]]></title>
<link>http://walkndude.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/tuberejectcom-treasury-department-secrets-what-they-dont-want-you-to-see/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2008 08:53:12 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>walkndude</dc:creator>
<guid>http://walkndude.wordpress.com/2008/09/30/tuberejectcom-treasury-department-secrets-what-they-dont-want-you-to-see/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[TubeReject.com TREASURY DEPARTMENT SECRETS - WHAT THEY DON&#8217;T WANT YOU TO SEE!
 
TubeReject.com]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>TubeReject.com TREASURY DEPARTMENT SECRETS - WHAT THEY DON&#8217;T WANT YOU TO SEE!</p>
<p><span style="display:block;width:425px;margin:0 auto;"> <embed src='http://widgets.vodpod.com/w/video_embed/ExternalVideo.703342' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' AllowScriptAccess='never' pluginspage='http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer' wmode='transparent' flashvars='' /></p>
<div style="font-size:10px;">TubeReject.com TREASURY DEPARTMENT SECRETS - WHAT THEY DON&#8217;T WANT YOU TO SEE!<a href="http://vodpod.com/wordpress"></a></div>
<p></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[LHC The Large Hadron Collider, Creationism and Destroying the World]]></title>
<link>http://honestpoet.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/the-large-hadron-collider-creationism-and-destroying-the-world/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2008 02:33:42 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>majutsu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://honestpoet.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/the-large-hadron-collider-creationism-and-destroying-the-world/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[The Large Hadron Collider was designed to accelerate particles at such speeds to reproduce the Big B]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>The<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7543089.stm"> Large Hadron Collider</a> was designed to accelerate particles at such speeds to reproduce the Big Bang, the formation of Dark Matter, and to uncover the <a href="http://honestpoet.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/the-god-particle/">God Particle</a>, or Higgs Boson.  Today, the Large Hadron accelerator was <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7616622.stm">hacked</a> into.  This means that some computer geeks compromised the security of a device that can attain energies simulating the very formation of universe.  They left the message &#8220;We are 2600&#8243;, an old hacker number favorite, from the days of compromised phone lines.  Fortunately, the breach was in the detector network and the result a harmless bit of geekery.  But the same breach of security could have been malicious, designed to unleash Dark Matter and God particle level-energies so as to crack the earth to its fiery core like a walnut.  Now, I am not the nut branch who thinks it shouldn&#8217;t be built since 1) I&#8217;m all for science, and 2) since it&#8217;s in France and Switzerland, it&#8217;s not our country to have a say, unless we are denying Europe autonomy?  I for one am very excited about the knowledge of our universe to be gained from such experiments.</p>
<p>My issue is that few Americans knew the LHC was built.  Fewer still could tell you why it was built.  Yet many European, Chinese and Indian secondary students, that is children, could tell you why it was built.  American scientific education is so poor that we are drastically behind the rest of the world in the physical sciences and biological sciences, to a degree that we have to import students in droves from China, India and Europe to fill the void.  These same students often take their education home when they&#8217;re done.  A gap in the physical sciences will one day mean a gap so ridiculous in National Security technology, that no amount of technology stealing or teenage playground aggression tactics can fill it.  On top of it all, most Americans were unaware of the hack on the LHC, so that while worrying about lipstick on pigs, few Americans knew that their last thought, the end of life on earth perhaps, could have been yesterday, if someone had tampered with subtleties of the collision controls in a knowledgeable way with malicious intent at the right time.</p>
<p>And here is where we come to McCain and Palin.  Not only should we be working with the world, as Barack Obama says, to communicate and work together, such as to help police the LHC and secure it, or to work together and <em>talk</em> with other nations to end conflict.  But the Bible has no place in a national science education system already riddled with inadequacy.  The Bible can be taught in religion, philosophy or cultural history class as an important part of American cultural and religious history.  But the Bible has no place in science.  We are threatening our National Security with such nonsense.  We must put an end to what McCain and Palin represent: cowboy diplomacy, religious fascism, a backward anti-intellectual view of the world, and an actual threat to the physical and economic security of every American.  <a href="http://honestpoet.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/barack-obama-a-man-with-something-to-say/">Obama represents real ideas</a> about real issues.  He represents America taking its place as stalwart country and potential inspirer of the nations of the globe.  He represents America looking forward to the future by putting our children first with comprehensive health care, a country free of debt, and an educational system centered on giving our children skills needed to succeed in the real, not to navigate as plumbs an ancient mythology.</p>
<p><iframe src='http://digg.com/api/diggthis.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fdigg.com%2Fpolitical_opinion%2FLHC_McCain_Palin_and_the_Death_of_American_Science' height='82' width='55' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 4px 0 2px 4px; background: #fff;'></iframe></p>
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<title><![CDATA[The Return of the Atari Design]]></title>
<link>http://blog2pussy.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/the-return-of-the-atari-design/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2008 21:11:54 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>blog2pussy</dc:creator>
<guid>http://blog2pussy.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/the-return-of-the-atari-design/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Moderne Spiele und wie die Spielepackungen aussehen könnten, wären wir noch in den guten alten Zei]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:justify;">Moderne Spiele und wie die Spielepackungen aussehen könnten, wären wir noch in den guten alten Zeiten, als 8 Bit als zukunftsweisend galten. Ein Klick und jedes Bild wird größer.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Das Original ist zu sehen bei <a href="http://the-minusworld.com/2008/09/16/atari-modern-classics/">the-minusworld.com</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لاد]]></title>
<link>http://walkndude.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af/</link>
<pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2008 09:43:08 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>walkndude</dc:creator>
<guid>http://walkndude.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%b6-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%af/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[http://www.planetnetopia.com/forum/posts/id_88/title_/
Leading the world to Freedom
 
أسامة ب]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p>http://www.planetnetopia.com/forum/posts/id_88/title_/</p>
<p>Leading the world to Freedom</p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p>أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎<strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>(English Osama bin Laden)</strong><br />
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<p><span class="unicode">Usāmah bin Mu</span><span class="unicode"><span style="font-family:&#34;">ḥ</span>ammad bin `Awa</span><span class="unicode"><span style="font-family:&#34;">ḍ</span> </span><a title="Bin Laden family" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family"><strong>bin Lādin</strong></a> (<a title="Arabic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language">Arabic</a>: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن‎; born <a title="March 10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_10">10 March</a> <a title="1957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957">1957</a>), most often identified as <strong>Osama bin Laden</strong> or <strong>Usama bin Laden</strong>, is the founder of the <a title="Jihadist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist">jihadist</a> organization <a title="Al-Qaeda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>. He has been designated a <a title="Terrorist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist">terrorist</a> by scholars, journalists, analysts and law enforcement agencies.<sup> </sup>In conjunction with several other <a title="Militant Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_Islam">Islamic militant</a> leaders, bin Laden issued two <a title="Fatwa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa">fatwa</a> in 1996 and then again in 1998 that <a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim">Muslims</a> should force the <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> and its allies to withdraw their military forces from the <a title="Arabian peninsula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>, by attacking American military and civilian targets.</p>
<p>He has been <a title="Indictment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment">indicted</a> in <a title="United States federal court" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_court">United States federal court</a> for his alleged involvement in the <a title="1998 U.S. embassy bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_U.S._embassy_bombings">1998 U.S. embassy bombings</a> in <a title="Dar es Salaam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a title="Tanzania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a title="Nairobi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a title="Kenya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya">Kenya</a>, and is on the US <a title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>&#8217;s <a title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives">Ten Most Wanted Fugitives</a> list.</p>
<p>Although bin Laden has not been indicted for the <a title="September 11, 2001 attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, he has been reported to have orally claimed responsibility for them, in the <a title="Times of India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India"><em>Times of India</em></a><sup> </sup><span> </span>and in videos released to the public. The attacks involved the hijacking of <a title="United Airlines Flight 93" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93">United Airlines Flight 93</a>, <a title="United Airlines Flight 175" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175">United Airlines Flight 175</a>, <a title="American Airlines Flight 11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11">American Airlines Flight 11</a>, and <a title="American Airlines Flight 77" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77">American Airlines Flight 77</a>; the subsequent destruction of those planes and the <a title="World Trade Center" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center">World Trade Center</a> in <a title="New York City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City">New York City</a>, <a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a>; severe damage to <a title="The Pentagon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> in <a title="Arlington, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>;<sup> </sup>and the deaths of 2,974 people.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Place of birth <a title="Riyadh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Battles/wars <a title="Soviet war in Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan">Afghan Jihad</a>, <a title="War on Terrorism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a></p>
<p>Because there is no universally accepted standard in the West for <a title="Transliteration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration">transliterating</a> Arabic words and names into English, bin Laden&#8217;s name is transliterated in many ways. The version often used by most <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English-language</a> <a title="Mass media" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media">mass media</a> is <em>Osama bin Laden</em>. Most American government agencies, including the FBI and <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">CIA</a>, use either Usama bin Laden or <strong>Usama bin Ladin</strong>, both of which are often abbreviated to <em>UBL</em>. Less common renderings include <strong>Ussamah Bin Ladin</strong> and <strong>Oussama Ben Laden</strong> (<a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language">French-language</a> mass media). The latter part of the name can also be found as <strong>Binladen</strong> or <strong>Binladin</strong>.</p>
<p>Strictly speaking, Arabic <a title="Linguistic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic">linguistic</a> conventions dictate that he be referred to as &#8220;Osama&#8221; or &#8220;Osama bin Laden&#8221;, not &#8220;bin Laden,&#8221; as &#8220;Bin Laden&#8221; is not used as a surname in the <a title="Western world" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world">Western</a> manner, but simply as part of his name, which in its entirety means &#8220;Osama, son of Mohammed, son of &#8216;Awad, son of Laden&#8221;. However, the bin Laden family (or &#8220;Binladin&#8221;, as they prefer to be known) <em>do</em> generally use the name as a surname in the Western style. Consequently &#8220;bin Laden&#8221; has become nearly universal in Western references to him, Arabic convention notwithstanding.</p>
<p>Bin Laden also has several commonly used <a title="Pseudonym" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym">aliases</a> and <a title="Nickname" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname">nicknames</a>, including <strong>the Prince</strong>, <strong>the </strong><a title="Sheikh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"><strong>Sheikh</strong></a>, <strong>Al-Amir</strong>, <strong>Abu Abdallah</strong>, <strong>Sheikh Al-Mujahid</strong>, the <strong>Lion Sheik</strong>, <strong>the Director</strong>, <strong>Imam Mehdi</strong> and <strong>Samaritan</strong>.</p>
<p>Osama bin Laden was born in <a title="Riyadh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. In a <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a> interview, he gave his birth date as 10 March <a title="1957" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957">1957</a>. His father <a title="Mohammed bin Laden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Laden">Muhammed Awad bin Laden</a> was a wealthy businessman with close ties to the <a title="Saudi royal family" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_royal_family">Saudi royal family</a>. Osama bin Laden was born the only son of Muhammed bin Laden&#8217;s tenth wife, <a title="Hamida al-Attas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas">Hamida al-Attas</a>. Osama&#8217;s parents divorced soon after he was born, according to Khaled M. Batarfi. Osama&#8217;s mother then married Muhammad al-Attas. The couple had four children, and Osama lived in the new household with three stepbrothers and one stepsister.</p>
<p>Bin Laden was raised as a devout <a title="Sunni Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>. From 1968 to 1976 he attended the &#8220;élite&#8221; secular <a title="Al-Thager Model School" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Thager_Model_School">Al-Thager Model School</a>. Bin Laden studied <a title="Economics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics">economics</a> and <a title="Business administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration">business administration</a> at <a title="King Abdulaziz University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University">King Abdulaziz University</a>. Some reports suggest bin Laden earned a <a title="Academic degree" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree">degree</a> in <a title="Civil engineering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering">civil engineering</a> in 1979, or a degree in <a title="Public administration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration">public administration</a> in 1981. <span> </span>Other sources describe him as having left university during his third year, never completing a college degree, though &#8220;hard working.&#8221; <span> </span>At university, bin Laden&#8217;s main interest was religion, where he was involved in both &#8220;interpreting the <a title="Quran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran">Quran</a> and <a title="Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad">jihad</a>&#8221; and charitable work.</p>
<p>In 1974, at the age of seventeen, bin Laden married his first wife <a title="Najwa Ghanem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najwa_Ghanem">Najwa Ghanem</a> at <a title="Latakia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia">Latakia</a>. Laden is reported to have married four other women<sup> </sup>and <a title="Divorce" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce">divorced</a> two, Ali bin Laden and Abdullah. He has fathered anywhere from 12 to 24 children.</p>
<p>Bin Laden believes that the restoration of <a title="Sharia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia">Sharia</a> law will set things right in the Muslim world, and that all other ideologies—&#8221;<a title="Pan-Arabism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, <a title="Socialism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism">socialism</a>, <a title="Communism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism">communism</a>, <a title="Democracy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democracy</a>&#8220;—must be opposed. He believes Afghanistan under the rule of <a title="Mohammed Omar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar">Mullah Omar</a>&#8217;s <a title="Taliban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a> was &#8220;the only Islamic country&#8221; in the Muslim world. Bin Laden has consistently dwelt on the need for jihad to right what he believes are injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states, the need to eliminate the state of <a title="Israel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel">Israel</a>, and the necessity of forcing the US to withdraw from the <a title="Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East">Middle East</a>. He has also called on Americans to &#8220;reject the immoral acts of <a title="Fornication" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornication">fornication</a> (and) <a title="Homosexuality" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a title="Intoxicant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicant">intoxicants</a>, <a title="Gambling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling">gambling</a>, and <a title="Usury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury">usury</a>,&#8221; in an October 2002 letter.</p>
<p>Probably the most controversial part of Bin Laden&#8217;s ideology is that <a title="Civilians" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilians">civilians</a>, including women and children, can be killed in jihad. <a title="Shia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia">Shia</a> have been listed along with &#8220;Heretics, &#8230; America and Israel,&#8221; as the four principal &#8220;enemies of Islam&#8221; at ideology classes of bin Laden&#8217;s <a title="Al-Qaeda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> organization.</p>
<p>As a <a title="Wahhabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a>, bin Laden opposes <a title="Music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music">music</a> on religious grounds, and his attitude towards <a title="Technology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology">technology</a> is mixed. He is interested in &#8220;earth-moving <a title="Machinery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery">machinery</a> and <a title="Genetic engineering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering">genetic engineering</a> of <a title="Plant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant">plants</a>&#8220;, on the one hand, but rejects &#8220;chilled <a title="Water" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water">water</a>&#8221; on the other.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&#34;">Mujahideen in Afghanistan</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">After leaving college in 1979 bin Laden joined </span><a title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Abdullah Azzam</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> to fight the </span><a title="Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Afghanistan"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan</span></a><sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">and lived for a time in </span><a title="Peshawar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Peshawar</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. By 1984, with Azzam, bin Laden established </span><a title="Maktab al-Khadamat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktab_al-Khadamat"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Maktab al-Khadamat</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, which funneled money, arms and </span><a title="Afghan arabs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_arabs"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Muslim fighters</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> from around the Arabic world into the Afghan war. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden&#8217;s inherited family fortune<sup> </sup>paid for air tickets and accommodation, dealt with paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihad fighters. During this time bin Laden met his future al-Qaeda collaborator </span><a title="Ayman al-Zawahiri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Ayman al-Zawahiri</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, who encouraged Osama to split away from Abdullah Azzam. Osama established a camp in Afghanistan, and with other volunteers fought the </span><a title="Soviet Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Soviets</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><a name="Formation_and_structuring_of_Al-Qaeda"></a><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&#34;">Formation and structuring of Al-Qaeda</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">By 1988, bin Laden had split from </span><a title="Maktab al-Khidamat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamat"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Maktab al-Khidamat</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">; while Azzam acted as support for Afghan fighters, Laden wanted a more military role. One of the main leading points to the split and the creation of al-Qaeda was the insistence of Azzam that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming their separate fighting force. Bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad, who along with his Arab legion, &#8220;had brought down the mighty superpower&#8221; of the Soviet Union. However, during this time </span><a title="Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Iraq</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> invaded </span><a title="Kuwait" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Kuwait</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> and Laden met the </span><a title="Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan,_Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Crown Prince Sultan</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> of Saudi Arabia, and told him not to depend on non-Muslim troops and offered to help defend Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden was rebuffed and publicly denounced Saudi Arabia&#8217;s dependence on the US military. Bin Laden&#8217;s criticism of the </span><a title="Saudi monarchy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_monarchy"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Saudi monarchy</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> led that </span><a title="Government of Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">government</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> to attempt to silence him.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Bin Laden moved to </span><a title="Sudan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Sudan</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in 1992 and established a new base for Mujahideen operations in </span><a title="Khartoum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Khartoum</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. Due to bin Laden&#8217;s continuous verbal assault on Saudi </span><a title="King Fahd" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">King Fahd</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, on 5 March 1994 Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Laden&#8217;s passport. His family was persuaded to cut off his monthly stipend, the equivalent of </span><a title="$" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">$</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">7 million a year. By now bin Laden was strongly associated with </span><a title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (EIJ), which made up the core of al-Qaeda. In 1995 the EIJ </span><a title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad#Mubarak_assassination_attempt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">attempted to assassinate</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> Egyptian President </span><a title="Hosni Mubarak" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Hosni Mubarak</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. The attempt failed and the EIJ was expelled from Sudan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In May 1996, under increasing pressure from Saudi Arabia, </span><a title="Egypt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Egypt</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> and the United States on Sudan, bin Laden returned to Afghanistan and forged a close relationship with Mullah </span><a title="Mohammed Omar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Omar"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mohammed Omar</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">. In Afghanistan, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda raised money from &#8220;donors from the days of the Soviet jihad&#8221;, and from </span><a title="Inter-Services Intelligence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Inter-Services Intelligence</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (ISI). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><a name="Early_attacks_and_aid_for_attacks"></a><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&#34;">Early attacks and aid for attacks</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">It is believed that the first </span><a title="Bombing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">bombing</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> attack involving bin Laden was the 29 December 1992 bombing of the </span><a title="Gold Mihor Hotel (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Mihor_Hotel&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Gold Mihor Hotel</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in </span><a title="Aden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Aden</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in which two people were killed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">It was after this bombing that al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by </span><a title="Mamdouh Mahmud Salim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamdouh_Mahmud_Salim"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find their proper reward in death, going to </span><a title="Paradise" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Paradise</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> if they were good Muslims and to </span><a title="Hell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">hell</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> if they were bad or non-believers. The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In the 1990s bin Laden&#8217;s al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in </span><a title="Algeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Algeria</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, Egypt and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993 bin Laden sent an emissary, </span><a title="Qari el-Said (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qari_el-Said&#38;action=edit&#38;redlink=1"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Qari el-Said</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded but the </span><a title="Algerian Civil War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War#Massacres_and_reconciliation"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">war</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> that followed killed 150,000-200,000 Algerians and ended with Islamist surrender to the government. Another unsuccessful effort by bin Laden was funding of the </span><a title="November 1997 Luxor massacre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1997_Luxor_massacre"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Luxor massacre of November 17 1997</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, which killed sixty two civilians, but revolted the Egyptian public and turned it against Islamist terror. In mid-1997, the </span><a title="Northern Alliance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Northern Alliance</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> threatened to overrun </span><a title="Jalalabad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Jalalabad</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, causing Bin Laden to abandon his </span><a title="Nazim Jihad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazim_Jihad"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Nazim Jihad</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> compound and move his operations to </span><a title="Kandahar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Kandahar</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in the south.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">A later effort that did succeed was an attack on the city of </span><a title="Mazar-e-Sharif" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Sharif"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mazar-e-Sharif</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with his hosts the Taliban by sending several hundred of his Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand people </span><a title="Taliban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban#Ethnic_massacres_and_persecution"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">overrunning</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> the city.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In 1998, Osama bin Laden and </span><a title="Ayman al-Zawahiri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Ayman al-Zawahiri</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> co-signed a <em>fatwa</em> in the name of the </span><a title="World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Islamic_Front_for_Jihad_Against_Jews_and_Crusaders"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> which declared the killing of the North Americans and their allies an &#8220;individual duty for every Muslim&#8221; to &#8220;liberate the </span><a title="Al-Aqsa Mosque" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">al-Aqsa Mosque</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (in </span><a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Jerusalem</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">) and the holy </span><a title="Mosque" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">mosque</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> (in </span><a title="Mecca" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Mecca</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">) from their grip&#8221;.<sup> </sup>At the public announcement of the fatwa bin Laden announced that North Americans are &#8220;very easy targets.&#8221; He told the attending </span><a title="Journalist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">journalists</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">, &#8220;You will see the results of this in a very short time.&#8221;<span style="text-decoration:underline;"><sup><span style="color:blue;">[</span></sup></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">In response to the </span><a title="1998 United States embassy bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">1998 United States embassy bombings</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> following the fatwa, </span><a title="Bill Clinton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">Bill Clinton</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> ordered a freeze on assets that could be linked to bin Laden and signed an </span><a title="Executive order (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">executive order</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;"> authorizing Laden&#8217;s arrest or </span><a title="Assassination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">assassination</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&#34;">.</span></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline">September 11, 2001 attacks</span></h3>
<p>The <a title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> has stated that evidence linking Al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and irrefutable. The <a title="Her Majesty's Government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government">Government of the United Kingdom</a> reached the same conclusion regarding Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden&#8217;s culpability for the September 11, 2001, attacks. Bin Laden denied involvement in the <a title="September 11, 2001 attacks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>. On <a title="September 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16">16 September</a> <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by <a title="Qatar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar">Qatar</a>&#8217;s <a title="Al Jazeera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a> satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack.</p>
<p>In a videotape recovered by US forces in November 2001 in <a title="Jalalabad, Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad,_Afghanistan">Jalalabad</a>, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with <a title="Khaled al-Harbi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_al-Harbi">Khaled al-Harbi</a> in a way indicating foreknowledge. The tape was broadcast on various news networks on <a title="December 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13">13 December</a> <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>. Some have disputed this translation however. Arabist Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini stated: &#8220;This translation is very problematic. At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic.&#8221;</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Criminal charges and attempted extradition</span></h2>
<p>The <a title="9/11 Commission Report" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> concludes, &#8220;In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel bin Ladin to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. US officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted bin Ladin expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also bin Ladin may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, or both. On <a title="May 19" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19">19 May</a> <a title="1996" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996">1996</a>, bin Ladin left Sudan—significantly weakened, despite his ambitions and organizational skills. He returned to Afghanistan.&#8221; The 9/11 Commission Report further states &#8220;In late 1995, when Bin Ladin was still in Sudan, the State Department and the <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Ladin. US Ambassador Timothy Carney encouraged the Sudanese to pursue this course. The Saudis, however, did not want Bin Ladin, giving as their reason their revocation of his citizenship. Sudan’s minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Ladin over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Ladin. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding.&#8221;</p>
<p>On <a title="March 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16">16 March</a> <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a>, <a title="Libya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya">Libya</a> issued the first official international <a title="Interpol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol">Interpol</a> <a title="Arrest warrant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant">arrest warrant</a> against Bin Laden and three other people for killing two <a title="Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">German</a> citizens in Libya on <a title="March 10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_10">10 March</a> <a title="1994" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994">1994</a>, one of which is thought to have been a German <a title="Counter-intelligence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> officer. Bin Laden is still wanted by the <a title="Libyan government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_government">Libyan government</a>.</p>
<p>On <a title="June 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_8">8 June</a> <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a>, a <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> <a title="Grand jury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury">grand jury</a> indicted Osama bin Laden on charges of killing five Americans and two <a title="India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">Indians</a> in the <a title="November 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_13">13 November</a> <a title="1995" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995">1995</a>, truck bombing of a US-operated Saudi National Guard training center in Riyadh.<span> </span>Bin Laden was charged with &#8220;conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States&#8221; and prosecutors further charged that bin Laden is the head of the &#8220;terrorist&#8221; organization called al Qaeda, and that he was a major financial backer of Islamic fighters worldwide. Bin Laden denied involvement but praised the attack.</p>
<p>On <a title="November 4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_4">4 November</a> <a title="1998" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998">1998</a>, Osama bin Laden was indicted by a Federal <a title="Grand Jury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Jury">Grand Jury</a> in the <a title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>, on charges of Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Resulting in Death<sup> </sup>for his alleged role in the <a title="1998 United States embassy bombings" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a> in Kenya and Tanzania.</p>
<p>The evidence against bin Laden included courtroom testimony by former Al Qaeda members and satellite phone records.</p>
<p>On <a title="June 7" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_7">7 June</a> <a title="1999" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999">1999</a>, bin Laden became the <a title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives,_1990s">456th person listed</a> on the US <a title="Federal Bureau of Investigation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>&#8217;s <a title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives">Ten Most Wanted Fugitives</a> list, following his indictment along with others for <a title="Capital punishment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment">capital crimes</a> in the 1998 embassy attacks.</p>
<p>Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of bin Laden from the <a title="Taliban" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban">Taliban</a> of Afghanistan were met with failure prior to the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001. In 1999, US President <a title="Bill Clinton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> convinced the <a title="United Nations" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations">United Nations</a> to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.</p>
<p>Years later, on <a title="October 10" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_10">10 October</a> <a title="2001" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001">2001</a>, bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the FBI&#8217;s top 22 <a title="FBI Most Wanted Terrorists" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Most_Wanted_Terrorists">Most Wanted Terrorists</a>, which was released to the public by the <a title="President of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States">President of the United States</a> <a title="George W. Bush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</a>, in direct response to the attacks of 9/11, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.</p>
<p>After the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001, the Taliban did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third party country in return for the US ending the bombing along with evidence that Osama bin Laden was involved in the 9/11 attacks. This offer was rejected by George W Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable with Bush responding that &#8220;There&#8217;s no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he&#8217;s guilty.&#8221;</p>
<h2><a name="Attempted_capture_by_the_United_States"></a><span class="mw-headline">Attempted capture by the United States</span></h2>
<p>According to <a title="The Washington Post" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"><em>The Washington Post</em></a>, the US government concluded that Osama bin Laden was present during the <a title="Battle of Tora Bora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora">Battle of Tora Bora</a>, Afghanistan in late 2001, and according to civilian and military officials with first-hand knowledge, failure by the US to commit US ground troops to hunt him led to his escape and was the gravest failure by the US in the war against al Qaeda. Intelligence officials have assembled what they believe to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercepted communications, that bin Laden began the battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan&#8217;s mountainous eastern border.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post</em> also reported that the <a title="Central Intelligence Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency">CIA</a> unit dedicated to capturing Osama was shut down in late 2005.</p>
<p>US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in <a title="Tora Bora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora_Bora">Tora Bora</a> between <a title="August 14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14">14 August</a> and <a title="August 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16">16 August</a> <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a <a title="Ramadan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan">pre-Ramadan</a> meeting held by al Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or <a title="Ayman al Zawahiri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al_Zawahiri">Ayman al Zawahiri</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Bounty</strong>: Immediately after the 9/11 attacks, <a title="Federal government of the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">US government</a> officials named bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda organization as the prime <a title="Suspect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspect">suspects</a> and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death. On <a title="July 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_13">13 July</a> <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>, this figure was doubled to $50 million.</p>
<p>The <a title="Airline Pilots Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_Pilots_Association">Airline Pilots Association</a> and the <a title="Air Transport Association" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Association">Air Transport Association</a> are offering an additional $2 million reward.</p>
<h2><a name="Current_whereabouts"></a><span class="mw-headline">Current whereabouts</span></h2>
<p>Claims as to the location of Osama bin Laden have been made since December 2001, although none have been definitively proven and some have placed Osama in different locations during overlapping time periods.</p>
<p>An <a title="December 11" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_11">11 December</a> <a title="2005" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005">2005</a>, letter from <a title="Atiyah Abd al-Rahman" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah_Abd_al-Rahman">Atiyah Abd al-Rahman</a> to <a title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> indicates that bin Laden and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the <a title="Waziristan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan">Waziristan</a> region of <a title="Pakistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> at the time. In the letter, translated by the United States military&#8217;s Combating Terrorism Center at <a title="West Point" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point">West Point</a>, &#8220;Atiyah&#8221; instructs Zarqawi to &#8220;send messengers from your end to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership … I am now on a visit to them and I am writing you this letter as I am with them…&#8221; Al-Rahman also indicates that bin Laden and al-Qaeda are &#8220;weak&#8221; and &#8220;have many of their own problems.&#8221; The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to <em>the Washington Post</em>.</p>
<h2><a name="Reports_of_his_death"></a><span class="mw-headline">Reports of his death</span></h2>
<p><strong>April 2005</strong>: The <a title="Sydney Morning Herald" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald"><em>Sydney Morning Herald</em></a> stated &#8220;Dr Clive Williams, director of terrorism studies at the <a title="Australian National University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University">Australian National University</a>, says documents provided by an Indian colleague suggested bin Laden died of massive organ failure in April last year … &#8216;It&#8217;s hard to prove or disprove these things because there hasn&#8217;t really been anything that allows you to make a judgment one way or the other&#8217;, Dr. Williams said.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>August 2006</strong>: On <a title="September 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_23">23 September</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>, the French newspaper <a title="L'Est Républicain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Est_R%C3%A9publicain"><em>L&#8217;Est Républicain</em></a> quoted a report from the French secret service (<a title="Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_ext%C3%A9rieure">DGSE</a>) stating that Osama bin Laden had died in Pakistan on <a title="August 23" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_23">23 August</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>, after contracting a case of <a title="Typhoid fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever">typhoid fever</a> that paralyzed his lower limbs. According to the newspaper, Saudi security services first heard of bin Laden&#8217;s alleged death on <a title="September 4" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4">4 September</a> <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>. The alleged death was reported by the <a title="Saudi Arabia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> secret service to its government, which reported it to the French secret service. The French defense minister <a title="Michèle Alliot-Marie" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a> expressed her regret that the report had been published while <a title="President of the French Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic">French President</a> <a title="Jacques Chirac" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> declared that bin Laden&#8217;s death had not been confirmed. <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">American</a> authorities also cannot confirm reports of bin Laden&#8217;s death, with <a title="United States Secretary of State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</a> <a title="Condoleezza Rice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> saying only, &#8220;No comment, and no knowledge.&#8221; Later, CNN&#8217;s Nic Robertson said that he had received confirmation from an anonymous Saudi source that the Saudi intelligence community has known for a while that bin Laden has a <a title="Water-borne illness" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-borne_illness">water-borne illness</a>, but that he had heard no reports that it was specifically typhoid or that he had died.</p>
<p><strong>November 2007</strong>: In an interview with political interviewer <a title="David Frost" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost">David Frost</a>, taken on <a title="November 2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2">November 2</a>, <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>, the <a title="Pakistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistani</a> politician, and <a title="Pakistan Peoples Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> chairwoman, <a title="Benazir Bhutto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, claimed that bin Laden had been murdered by <a title="Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Omar_Saeed_Sheikh">Omar Sheikh</a>. During her answer to a question pertaining to the identities of those who had previously attempted her own assassination, Bhutto named Sheikh as a possible suspect while referring to him as &#8220;the man who murdered Osama bin Laden.&#8221; Despite the weight of such a statement, neither Bhutto nor Frost attempted to clarify it during the remainder of the interview. Omar Chatriwala, a journalist for Al Jazeera English, claims that he chose not to pursue the story at the time because he believes Bhutto misspoke, meaning to say Sheikh murdered <a title="Daniel Pearl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pearl">Daniel Pearl</a> and not Osama Bin Laden.<sup> </sup>The <a title="BBC" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC">BBC</a> drew criticism when it rebroadcast the Frost/Bhutto interview on its website, but edited out Bhutto&#8217;s statement regarding Osama Bin Laden. Later the BBC apologized and replaced the edited version with the complete interview. Bhutto&#8217;s statement regarding Bin Laden conflicts with an earlier statement in October 2007, where Bhutto stated in an interview that she would cooperate with the American military in targeting Osama bin Laden.</p>
<h2><a name="Criticism"></a><span class="mw-headline">Criticism</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&#34;">Among <a title="Salafism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism">Salafist</a> Muslims who have criticized bin Laden for adherence to <a title="Qutbism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbism">Qutbism</a> (the ideology of <a title="Sayyid Qutb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>), <a title="Takfir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir">takfir</a> and <a title="Kharijites" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites">Khaarijite</a> deviance, are said to include Muhammad Ibn Haadee al-Madkhalee, <a title="Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Abd-Allah_ibn_Baaz">Abd-al-Aziz ibn Abd-Allah ibn Baaz</a>, Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan and <a title="Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi'ee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Haadi_al-Waadi%27ee">Muqbil bin Haadi al-Waadi&#8217;ee</a>.</span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Big Bang Hack]]></title>
<link>http://mvtimes.wordpress.com/2008/09/15/big-bang-hack/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2008 18:27:25 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dinesh Babu</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mvtimes.wordpress.com/2008/09/15/big-bang-hack/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[BBC NEWS | Technology | &#8216;Big bang&#8217; experiment is hacked
The headline was a little bit mi]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7616622.stm">BBC NEWS &#124; Technology &#124; &#8216;Big bang&#8217; experiment is hacked</a></p>
<p>The headline was a little bit misleading as it gave me a thought if Hackers had got control of the experiment itself. It was actually just a computer not connected to the LHC that was hacked. I guess this kind of hacks occur in many places, but this has kind of given a heads up to them to keep things more secure. LHC is not something that can be messed with.</p>
<p>One interesting stuff is the Hacker&#8217;s posted this message:</p>
<blockquote><p>We are 2600 - don&#8217;t mess with us</p></blockquote>
<p>Apparently 2600 refers to the long distance tone frequency 2600Hz in the US telephone system in the 1960s.</p>
<blockquote><p>The number 2600 is often used by the hacking community. It is believed to have originated in the US in the 1960s with the discovery that a tone of 2600Hz played down the line could be used to access restricted parts of the national telephone system. <!-- E BO --></p></blockquote>
<p>This was the same idea that Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Inc., once used in the 1970s to create a Telephone hacking system called Blue box. They used this box to call Pope in Italy. Some fun they had!</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Nokia 2600 Classic in Orange - Review &amp; Release]]></title>
<link>http://mobilephonesrelease.com/2008/09/13/nokia-2600-classic-in-orange-review-release/</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 13 Sep 2008 13:27:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>phoneslimited</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mobilephonesrelease.com/2008/09/13/nokia-2600-classic-in-orange-review-release/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[.
UPDATE: Available Now - Nokia 2600 Classic and Nokia 2600 Classic in Turquoise Blue
.

The Nokia 2]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p style="text-align:left;">.</p>
<h1 style="text-align:left;">UPDATE: Available Now - <a href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia/2600+Classic.html">Nokia 2600 Classic </a>and <a href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia/2600+Classic+Turquoise+Blue.html">Nokia 2600 Classic in Turquoise Blue</a></h1>
<p style="text-align:left;">.</p>
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<div>The Nokia 2600 Classic Orange is a budget entry phone that offers a classic candybar design and is a simplet talking straightforward thinking mobile phone.  It does away with all the frills making it an ideal phone for first time buyers.  It still has some hidden talents of its own especially for the more budget concious with a Pre-Paid tracking application which will help you monitor your call costs and balances.   This technology is also available with another popular budget phone, the <a href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia/1209.html">Nokia 1209</a>.</div>
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<div style="text-align:center;">
<div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter">
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 207px"><img src="http://www.bestbuymobilephones.com/files/2600-classic-orange.jpg" alt="Nokia 2600 Classic Orange" width="197" height="307" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Nokia 2600 Classic Orange</p></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align:center;">.</div>
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<div>The Orange Nokia 2600 Classic will also keep  you connected using its wide range of messaging solutions that include SMS, MMS, Email and Nokia Xpress Audio messaging and will even get you online with its web browsing facilities.</div>
<div>Equipped with Bluetooth wireless you can share images and photo&#8217;s with friends and family and take photo&#8217;s with the phones integrated VGA camera.</div>
<div>Get news and sports headlines or tune into your local radio station using its FM radio and style your <a href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia/2600+Classic.html">Nokia 2600 Classic</a> to suit you with a choice of interchangeable covers, custom made and MP3 ringtones. </div>
</div>
</div>
<div>Taking its name from the original Nokia 2600 handset, the <a href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia.html">Nokia</a> 2600 Classic has been seriously revamped for today&#8217;s requirements.</div>
<div style="text-align:center;">.</div>
<div style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/i/s/940.jpg" alt="" width="31" height="75" /></div>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a title="Nokia 2600 Classic" href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia/2600+Classic.html"><strong>Nokia 2600 Classic</strong></a></p>
<div style="text-align:center;">.</div>
<div style="text-align:center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/i/s/942.jpg" alt="" width="31" height="75" /></div>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a title="Nokia 2600 Classic Turquoise Blue" href="http://www.phoneslimited.co.uk/Nokia/2600+Classic+Turquoise+Blue.html"><strong>Nokia 2600 Classic Torquoise Blue</strong></a></p>
<div style="text-align:center;">.</div>
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