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<title><![CDATA[James C. VanderKam, <i>An Introduction to Early Judaism</i>]]></title>
<link>http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.wordpress.com/2008/06/05/james-c-vanderkam-an-introduction-to-early-judaism/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2008 17:35:05 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr Karl Möller</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.wordpress.com/2008/06/05/james-c-vanderkam-an-introduction-to-early-judaism/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[ Bibliographical details:
VanderKam, J. C. (2001). An Introduction to Early Judaism. Grand Rapids, M]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><strong><a href="http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/vanderkam-introduction-to-early-judaism.jpg"><img style="border-right:0;border-top:0;border-left:0;border-bottom:0;margin:0 10px 10px 0;" src="http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/vanderkam-introduction-to-early-judaism-thumb.jpg?w=200&#038;h=304" alt="VanderKam, Introduction to Early Judaism" width="200" height="304" align="left" /></a> Bibliographical details:<br />
</strong>VanderKam, J. C. (2001). <em>An Introduction to Early Judaism</em>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.</p>
<p><strong>Publisher&#8217;s information:<br />
</strong>&#8216;James VanderKam has written a superb introduction to early Judaism, including its history, literature, and religious institutions – a handbook that will be useful to every student or scholar who is interested in this period. VanderKam&#8217;s sketch of the history and literature of the period is written simply and precisely, unencumbered by footnotes. His book, however, reveals a full, critical knowledge of the field. His epitomes of the literature of the period are particularly well done – brief, generally conservative in discussing debated issues, leaving out little of importance. New lore from the Dead Sea Scrolls and data from recent excavations are also well treated. I recommend this volume without qualification.&#8217; <em>– Frank Moore Cross, Harvard University </em></p>
<p>&#8216;A scholar at the forefront of today&#8217;s flourishing interest in the study of ancient Judaism, James VanderKam clearly explains Second Temple history and religion, including the period&#8217;s main groups and institutions and the entire range of literature they produced, from the Apocrypha to the Dead Sea Scrolls. The period VanderKam covers is vital to understanding all subsequent Jewish and Christian history, and his introduction to it is complete, accessible, and overall top-notch.&#8217; <em>– Alan J. Avery-Peck, College of the Holy Cross</em><strong> </strong></p>
<p>&#8216;Combining meticulous historical reconstruction with detailed commentary on literary productions and archaeological remains, James VanderKam here offers a comprehensive introduction to early Judaism that places texts within their proper contexts. His accessible, engaging style and helpful organization make this volume ideal for classroom use.&#8217; – <em>Amy-Jill Levine, Vanderbilt Divinity School </em></p>
<p>James C. VanderKam is the John A. O&#8217;Brien Professor of Hebrew Scriptures at the University of Notre Dame. He has edited seven volumes in the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series and is coeditor in chief of the <em>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls</em>. Among his other books is <em>The Dead Sea Scrolls Today</em> (Eerdmans).</p>
<p><strong>Table of contents:<br />
PREFACE … xi</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. THE TIME OF THE SECOND TEMPLE … 1<br />
The Persian Period (538-332 BCE) … 1<br />
</strong>Beginnings … 2<br />
Events in Yehud (Judah) … 3</p>
<address>The Work of Ezra and Nehemiah … 3<br />
Jaddua and Alexander the Great … 6</address>
<p>Events in Egypt … 7<br />
Events in Babylon and Persia … 9</p>
<p><strong>The Hellenistic Age (332-63 BCE) … 11<br />
</strong>Ptolemaic Control of Egypt and Judea (ca. 305-198 BCE) … 12</p>
<address>Ptolemy I and Judea … 12<br />
Ptolemy II and the Greek Translation of the Torah … 13<br />
The Tobiad Romance … 14</address>
<p>Seleucid Control/Influence in Judea (198-63 BCE) … 16</p>
<address>Antiochus III (223-187 BCE) … 16<br />
Antiochus IV, High Priests, and Hellenism … 18</address>
<p>The Hasmonean State (ca. 140-63 BCE) … 24</p>
<address>Simon (142-134 BCE) … 25<br />
John Hyrcanus (134-104 BCE) … 27<br />
Aristobulus I (104-103 BCE) and Kingship … 28<br />
Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 BCE) … 29<br />
Salome Alexandra (76-67 BCE) … 30<br />
Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II (67-63 BCE) … 31</address>
<p><strong>The Roman Period (63 BCE and Beyond) … 32<br />
</strong>The Early Years (63-37 BCE) … 32<br />
Herod (37-4 BCE) and Archelaus (4 BCE–6 CE) … 36<br />
Direct Roman Rule (6-66 CE) … 39<br />
The First Jewish Revolt against Rome (66-73 CE) … 41<br />
The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE) … 48</p>
<p><strong>Appendix on Egyptian Judaism … 49</strong></p>
<p><strong>2. JEWISH LITERATURE OF THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD … 53<br />
Second Temple Texts in the Hebrew Bible … 53<br />
The Classification of Second Temple Literature … 54<br />
</strong>Apocrypha … 54</p>
<address>The Catholic Deuterocanonical Books … 55<br />
Works in Greek Bibles but Not in the Hebrew Bible … 55</address>
<p>Pseudepigrapha … 56</p>
<p><strong>Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period … 59<br />
</strong>Narrative Works … 59</p>
<address>Histories … 59<br />
(1) 1 Esdras … 59<br />
(2) 1 Maccabees … 62<br />
(3) 2 Maccabees … 65</address>
<address>Tales … 69<br />
(1) Tobit … 69<br />
(2) Judith … 72<br />
(3) Susanna … 75<br />
(4) 3 Maccabees … 78<br />
(5) Letter of Aristeas … 81<br />
(6) The Greek Esther … 85</address>
<p>Rewritten Scripture … 88</p>
<address>1 Enoch … 88<br />
(1) The Astronomical Book of Enoch (1 Enoch 72–82) … 89<br />
(2) The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36) … 91</address>
<address>Aramaic Levi … 94<br />
The Book of Jubilees … 97<br />
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs … 100</address>
<p>Apocalypses … 102</p>
<address>The Apocalypse of Weeks (1 Enoch 93:3-10; 91:11-17) … 103<br />
The Book of Dreams (1 Enoch 83–90) … 105<br />
Sibylline Oracles … 107<br />
The Similitudes or Parables of Enoch (1 Enoch 37–71) … 110<br />
The Testament of Moses … 113</address>
<p>Wisdom Literature … 115</p>
<address>The Wisdom of Ben Sira … 115<br />
The Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 91–107 [108]) … 119<br />
Baruch (or 1 Baruch) … 121<br />
The Wisdom of Solomon … 124</address>
<p>Poetic Works … 128</p>
<address>The Psalms of Solomon … 128<br />
The Prayer of Manasseh … 132<br />
The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men … 133</address>
<p>Mockery of Idols … 135</p>
<address>The Letter of Jeremiah … 135<br />
Bel and the Dragon … 136</address>
<p>Philo and Josephus … 138</p>
<address>Philo of Alexandria … 138<br />
Josephus … 142</address>
<p>Great Archeological Discoveries … 147</p>
<address>The Elephantine Papyri … 147<br />
The Dead Sea Scrolls … 150<br />
(1) The Manuscripts and Fragments … 151<br />
(2) Archeological Evidence … 158<br />
(3) The Qumran Community and Its History … 160</address>
<address>Masada … 166<br />
(1) The Story … 166<br />
(2) Archeological Evidence … 170</address>
<p><strong>3. SYNTHESIS: LEADERS, GROUPS, AND INSTITUTIONS … 175<br />
Rulers and Leaders … 176<br />
</strong>The Priests … 176</p>
<address>High Priest … 176<br />
Leading Priests … 181<br />
Ordinary Priests … 182</address>
<p>Civil Rulers … 183<br />
Sanhedrin/Council … 184</p>
<p><strong>Groups … 186<br />
</strong>Early Second Temple Period … 186<br />
Late Hellenistic and Roman Times … 187</p>
<address>Pharisees … 187<br />
Sadducees … 189<br />
Essenes … 191<br />
Others … 192</address>
<p><strong>Worship … 193<br />
</strong>The Temple … 194</p>
<address>The Temple Structure … 194<br />
The Sacrificial System … 203<br />
Festivals … 204<br />
(1) Passover … 204<br />
(2) The Festival of Unleavened Bread … 204<br />
(3) Second Passover … 205<br />
(4) The Festival of Weeks … 205<br />
(5) The First of the Seventh Month … 206<br />
(6) The Day of Atonement … 206<br />
(7) The Festival of Tabernacles (or Booths) … 207<br />
(8) Hanukkah … 207<br />
(9) Purim … 208</address>
<address>Other Forms of Worship … 208<br />
(1) Music … 208<br />
(2) Prayer … 210</address>
<p>The Synagogue … 211</p>
<p><strong>Scriptures … 213<br />
</strong>Groups of Authoritative Writings … 213<br />
Versions … 215<br />
Interpretation … 216</p>
<p><strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY … 219</strong></p>
<p><strong>INDEX … 225</strong></p>
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<td>You may also be interested to read the <a href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/1340_926.pdf" target="_blank">review by Pablo Torijano Morales</a>, published in the <em><a href="http://www.bookreviews.org" target="_blank">Review of Biblical Literature</a></em>.</td>
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<td><strong>Buy this book from <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0802846416/203-7846416-5295933?ie=UTF8&#38;tag=printandonlin-21&#38;linkCode=xm2&#38;camp=1634&#38;creativeASIN=0802846416" target="_blank">Amazon</a>. Or perhaps you may be looking for some other <a href="http://astore.amazon.co.uk/printandonlin-21" target="_blank">titles in biblical studies</a>.</strong></td>
<td><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-420" src="http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/amazon.jpg" alt="" height="81" /></td>
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<title><![CDATA[Lawrence Boadt, <i>Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction</i>]]></title>
<link>http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/lawrence-boadt-reading-the-old-testament-an-introduction/</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 26 May 2008 19:19:43 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Dr Karl Möller</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.wordpress.com/2008/05/26/lawrence-boadt-reading-the-old-testament-an-introduction/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Bibliographical details:
Boadt, L. (1984). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. New York: Pau]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><p><img style="float:left;margin:0 10px 10px 0;" src="http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/boadt-reading-the-old-testament.jpg?w=200" alt="Boadt, Reading the Old Testament" width="200" /><strong>Bibliographical details:</strong><br />
Boadt, L. (1984). <em>Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction</em>. New York: Paulist Press.</p>
<p><strong>Publisher&#8217;s information:</strong><br />
<em>Reading the Old Testament</em> is a clear and carefully organized introduction for contemporary readers. It is designed to guide the student of the Bible through the text and its problems, enrich their understanding of the individual biblical books, and explore the way the Bible came to be written.</p>
<p><em>Reading the Old Testament</em> combines the latest scholarship with a sensitivity to religious issues and Israel&#8217;s ever-deepening understanding of God&#8217;s ways. The author gives special attention to recent archaeological discoveries in the Middle East and how these affect our understanding of the Old Testament. The book contains numerous maps, charts, and drawings.</p>
<p><em>Reading the Old Testament</em> is particularly illuminating about the way Israel&#8217;s religious experience was translated into written records. No other introduction offers the same thorough treatment of the Exile and the post-exilic periods as crucial times in the formation of the Old Testament message.</p>
<p>Lawrence Boadt, C.S.P. is associate professor of Sacred Scripture at the Washington Theological Union in Washington, D.C. He received his doctorate in Biblical Studies and Near Eastern Languages from the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome and has written numerous articles and books on Old Testament subjects, especially on the Prophets.</p>
<p><strong>Table of contents:</strong><br />
1. Introducing the Old Testament … 11<br />
2. The People and Lands of the Old Testament … 28<br />
3. Archaeology and the Old Testament … 52<br />
4. Literary Tools for Old Testament Study … 69<br />
5. The Pentateuch … 89<br />
6. Genesis 1–11: The Preface to Israel&#8217;s Story … 109<br />
7. Genesis 12–50: The Patriarchs … 133<br />
8. The Exodus from Egypt … 155<br />
9. The Covenant and Journey to Canaan (Exodus 19 through Numbers) … 173<br />
10. The Israelite Possession of Canaan: The Books of Joshua and Judges … 195<br />
11. Canaanite Religion and Culture … 213<br />
12. &#8216;A King Like Those of Other Nations&#8217;: The Books of Samuel and Kings … 227<br />
13. Daily Life in Ancient Israel … 245<br />
14. Israelite Worship and Prayer … 266<br />
15. The Kingdom Split into Two … 292<br />
16. The Great Prophets of the Eighth Century … 309<br />
17. The Last Days of the Kingdom of Judah … 338<br />
18. Jeremiah and the Deuteronomic History … 360<br />
19. Prophecy During the Babylonian Exile … 383<br />
20. Sing Us a Song of Zion! … 405<br />
21. The Struggle to Restore the Land (540–500 B.C.) … 431<br />
22. Life in the Post-Exilic Community … 449<br />
23. The Cultivation of Wisdom … 472<br />
24. Faith Confronting New Challenges … 492<br />
25. The Closing of the Old Testament … 517<br />
26. Themes of Old Testament Theology … 543<strong><br />
</strong></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0">
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<td><strong>Buy this book from <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0809126311/203-7846416-5295933?ie=UTF8&#38;tag=printandonlin-21&#38;linkCode=xm2&#38;camp=1634&#38;creativeASIN=0809126311" target="_blank">Amazon</a>. Or perhaps you may be looking for some other <a href="http://astore.amazon.co.uk/printandonlin-21" target="_blank">titles in biblical studies</a>.</strong></td>
<td><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-420" src="http://biblicalstudiesnotebook.wordpress.com/files/2008/09/amazon.jpg" alt="" height="81" /></td>
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<title><![CDATA[2 Macabeo: Komentaryo]]></title>
<link>http://tipan.wordpress.com/2007/05/31/2-macabeo-komentaryo/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2007 14:43:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Rev. Fr. Jessie Somosierra, Jr.</dc:creator>
<guid>http://tipan.wordpress.com/2007/05/31/2-macabeo-komentaryo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Hindi pagpapatuloy ng nauna ang ikalawang libro ng Mga Macabeo.
Kung sa 1 Macabeo ay inilalahad ang ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><h4 align="justify">Hindi pagpapatuloy ng nauna ang ikalawang libro ng Mga Macabeo.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">Kung sa 1 Macabeo ay inilalahad ang kasaysayan ng bayang Judio nang mga kritikal na taong iyon sa karaniwan at balanseng paraan, binibigyang-pansin naman ng 2 Macabeo ang isang serye ng mga pangyayari at pagkaminsa&#8217;y mga komentaryo at mga alamat na nagtatampok sa pag-asa at paghihirap ng mga sumasampalatayang pinag-uusig. Ang ikalawang librong ito na di gaanong kapaki-pakinabang para sa mga dalubhasa sa kasaysayan, na di tulad ng una, ay napakaimportante pa rin sa Biblia dahil sa napakayamang pananaw nito tungkol sa paghihirap at kamatayan at pati sa katarungan ng Diyos. Ang librong ito kasama ang mga aklat ni Daniel at ng Karunungan ang unang nagpahayag sa Biblia ng pananampalataya sa muling pagkabuhay ng mga patay.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 1.1 Puwedeng maging modelo para sa pagbati ng &#8220;Manigong Bagong Taon&#8221; ang bahaging ito ng unang sulat.<br />
Isinulat ng mga Judiong nasa Palestina ang sulat na ito matapos nilang malupig ang mga umaapi sa kanila. Sa mismong pagdiriwang nila sa Paglilinis sa Templo ng Jerusalem, na nabawi nila mula sa kapangyarihan ng mga kaaway, ibinalita nila ito sa mga pamayanang Judio na nakakalat sa Ehipto.<br />
Maraming sabi-sabi ang binabanggit sa sulat. Binibigyang-pansin natin ang alamat na nagsasabing ang Kaban (na sa totoo&#8217;y nasira sa pagbagsak ng Jerusalem sa taong 587) ay nailigtas at itinago. Ipinahahayag lamang nito ang malaking pananampalataya ng sambayanan; walang anuman sa mga ginawa ng Diyos sa panahon ng kanilang mga ninuno ang maaaring mawala.<br />
Pansinin ang 2:3-15. Binibigyang-kabuuan ng bagay na ito na hindi pawang kapani-paniwala ang nabasa natin sa 1 Kro 29:29-30, 2 Kro 9:29, 16:11&#8230; Esdras 7:25-26, Ne 8, tungkol sa pagbubuo ng pinakaunang simula ng Biblia na gawaing nabigyang-kaganapan hindi ni Nehemias kundi ni Esdras.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 4.7 Bigyang-pansin natin ang talatang ito na buhay na buhay na inilalarawan ang pagpasok ng impluwensya ng kulturang Griyego. Dapat ba itong ituring na pagsulong o pangkulturang kolonisasyon? Tingnan ang sinasabi tungkol sa bagay na ito sa 1 Mac 1:41. Dahil mas may pormasyon ang mga pari, sila ang unang nabigla sa kultural at espirituwal na krisis. Sa kasamaang-palad ng mga Judio sa panahon ng krisis, pumasok ang personal na interes at pulitika sa paghirang ng mga pinuno sa relihiyon.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 6.1 Ang pag-uusig sa relihiyon ayon sa karanasan ng bayan ay nangangahulugan ng:<br />
-	di maiiwasang supresyon ng mga kaugalian sa relihiyon;<br />
-	pagiging maluwag sa sex na kunwa&#8217;y pag-unlad sa kultura;<br />
-	karahasan laban sa mga nananatiling tapat sa Diyos;<br />
-	pagpapabaya sa mga aba at mga babae sa harap ng kalupitan ng batas at ng mga tao.<br />
Nagpapatuloy ang krisis sa moralidad sa simula ng mga pagsubok na dinaranas ng mabubuti: Paano ito mapahihintulutan ng Diyos?<br />
May sagot na ibinibigay: layunin ng mga pagsubok na ito ang ituwid ang bayan ng Diyos. Alam ng mga Judio na kahit na sa gitna ng pagsubok ay naroon pa rin ang awa ng Diyos.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 18. Kay ganda ng mga salita ni Eleazar:<br />
-	Ayaw niyang itago ang kanyang pananampalataya.<br />
-	Mas gusto niya ang dangal kaysa buhay.<br />
-	Higit sa lahat ang pitagan niya sa Diyos.<br />
-	Ang mamatay dahil sa katapatan sa mga batas ng Diyos ay isang dakilang halimbawa para sa mga kabataaan.<br />
-	Naghihirap si Eleazar sa katawan, pero maligaya siyang mamamatay.<br />
Siya ang pinakahuwaran at modelo ng martir para sa atin.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 7.1 Sa pagkukuwento sa atin ng pagkamartir ng pitong magkakapatid na iyon, na hindi alam ang mga pangalan, pinapamutawi sa kanilang mga labi ng sumulat nito ang pahayag ng pananampalataya nila sa kawalang-kamatayan. Ito ang pinakamahalagang mensahe ng librong ito.<br />
Sa naunang mga dantaon, para sa sambayanan sa kabuuan nito ang mga pangako ng Diyos. Ang tanging inaasahan lamang ng sumasampalataya ay ang pagpapatuloy at kasaganaan ng kanyang lahi.<br />
Naririto ang isang malaking hakbang. Muling mabubuhay ang tao. Hindi lamang ito ang pag-asa na patuloy na mabubuhay ang espiritu o kaluluwa: naniniwala ang sumasampalataya na muli siyang mabubuhay sa buo niyang katauhan para makaharap ang Diyos. Sa pangitain ng mga tuyong buto sa Ezekiel 37, ipinangako ng Diyos na muli niyang bubuhayin ang kanyang bayang patay. Ngayon nama&#8217;y bawat tao ang siyang umaasang babangon at titindig, katawan at kaluluwa, para makibahagi sa kaligayahang ipinangako ng Diyos at kanyang ibibigay sa pinakahuling araw.<br />
Kung hindi muling mabubuhay ang mga martir, paano mabibigyang-katuparan ng Diyos ang katarungan?</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 9.1 Kung paano naggagawad ng katarungan ang Diyos. Kaiba kaysa 1 Mac 6 ang pagsasalaysay sa pagkamatay ni Antioko kaya maiisip natin na hindi lahat ay tama sa popular na istoryang ito. Pero hindi nagkakamali ang awtor sa paglalahad sa pagbabagong hatid ng pagkakasakit at paghihirap ng mga nasa kapangyarihan.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">Sa mga sandaling iyon, nakikita nila kung ano talaga sila, pati na ang kanilang kayabangan. Nadidiskubre nila ang kaugnayan ng kasalukuyan nilang mga kahihiyan sa mga ipinalasap nila sa iba. Bagamat huli na&#8217;y nangangako silang magbabagong-buhay kung bubuhayin sila ng Diyos.<br />
Ipinakikita ng wakas ng tagausig na kung para sa kabilang buhay ang mga tunay na parusa ng Diyos, may mga kasalanan din naman na lubhang kasuklam-suklam kayat sa mundong ito mismo pinarurusahan ang mga ito, upang maging halimbawa para sa iba at konsuwelo sa mga naghihirap at inaapi.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 12.38 Nadarama ng mga sundalo ni Judas na lumalakas sila sa kanilang pananampalataya nang mapatunayan nilang nararapat lamang mamatay sa digmaan ang kanilang mga kasamahan dahil sa ilang kasalanan. Sa mga lumipas na panahon, halimbawa&#8217;y sa panahon ni Josue, magaan sa kalooban ng mga sumasampalataya na tanggapin ang katarungang ito ng Diyos at hindi nila ikinababahala ang mga kapatid nilang may sala (tingnan ang Josue 7).<br />
Ngayon naman, nababalisa ang mga kasamahan ni Judas: hindi na ba natin kapatid ang mga nagkasala? Kabilang din sila sa bayan ng Diyos gaya natin: hindi ba sila makikibahagi sa ating masayang kinabukasan, sa muling pagkabuhay?<br />
Kaya ang pangunguna ni Judas at ang panalangin para sa mga patay. Nadiskubre nila ngayon ang pagkakabuklod at pagkakaisa ng mga miyembro ng bayan ng Diyos, ang mga buhay at mga patay.</h4>
<h4 align="justify">• 15.12 Nadidiskubre ng mga sumasampalataya ang pagkakaisang bumubuklod sa nabubuhay at nangamatay na mga miyembro ng bayan ng Diyos. Dito nama&#8217;y mga tao ng Diyos ng lumipas na panahon ang lumuluhog para sa mga yumao: si Jeremias na propeta ng nagdaang dantaon, at pati si Onias na Punong-paring pinatay ilang taon pa lang ang nakalilipas.</h4>
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